Adapting agriculture to climate change - Revision history

Avinash Kumar at 07:27, 25 May 2016

2016-05-25T07:27:13Z

Stefanie Ettling: /* Water saving technology */

2014-07-08T13:58:08Z

‎Water saving technology

Stefanie Ettling: /* Water saving technology */

2014-07-08T13:55:25Z

‎Water saving technology

Irena Irmler at 10:47, 21 February 2014

2014-02-21T10:47:17Z

Christoph Wagener at 10:10, 2 October 2013

2013-10-02T10:10:55Z

Irena Irmler: /* Related overviews */

2013-06-07T09:24:01Z

‎Related overviews

Irena Irmler at 17:20, 14 March 2013

2013-03-14T17:20:10Z

Felix Zeiske: /* Related overviews */

2013-03-06T16:46:54Z

‎Related overviews

Felix Zeiske at 16:46, 6 March 2013

2013-03-06T16:46:09Z

Show changes

Felix Zeiske: /* Related overviews */

2013-03-06T16:44:09Z

‎Related overviews

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 In addition to specific actions aimed at adapting to climate change impacts, there are broad cross-cutting drivers that can reduce sensitivity to GCC exposure and enhance adaptive capacity across the board. These should receive priority attention as powerful generic drivers of adaptation and include:
 *Controlling population growth
 *Improving education
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 In many countries expected to experience growing water scarcity as a result of climate change and ongoing population and economic growth, the [[Water resource knowledge bases|water resources knowledge base]] is rudimentary. Basic figures on water resource availability, variability, and use are lacking or badly outdated. This is a prime prerequisite for logical decision making about adaptive measures to undertake. Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technologies to the assessment process can enhance accuracy and extent of coverage considerably. In addition to building the knowledge base itself, it is equally important to build capacity in at-risk developing countries to prepare national water budgets, assess hydrologic impacts of changes in climate parameters, and assess vulnerability and adaptive capacity.
+<br/>
 == Water saving technology ==
@@ Line 71: / Line 72: @@
   [http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/ http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/]
 == Management and governance reforms ==
-In addition to technological improvements, and often complementing it, reforms in the management and governance of water distribution offers promise of more efficient water use, and more responsive adaptation to reduced future supplies. These include transfer of irrigation system management responsibility from the state to farmers. Establishing reliable systems of water rights are also essential tools to allow future shortages of water to be [[Water_Development_and_Allocation|allocated]] equitably. Private sector marketing of water saving equipment and private extension activities can also be a part of such reforms.
+In addition to technological improvements, and often complementing it, reforms in the management and governance of water distribution offers promise of more efficient water use, and more responsive adaptation to reduced future supplies. These include transfer of irrigation system management responsibility from the state to farmers. Establishing reliable systems of water rights are also essential tools to allow future shortages of water to be [[Water Development and Allocation|allocated]] equitably. Private sector marketing of water saving equipment and private extension activities can also be a part of such reforms.
 == Supply augmentation ==
@@ Line 114: / Line 116: @@
 Sperling, Frank, managing editor (c. 2002): Poverty and climate change, reducing the vulnerability of the poor through adaptation. AfDB, ADB, DfID, EC, BMZ, MA-DC (Netherlands), OECD, UNDP, UNEP, WB. Publisher unknown.
 [[Category:Climate_Change]]

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 In many countries expected to experience growing water scarcity as a result of climate change and ongoing population and economic growth, the [[Water resource knowledge bases|water resources knowledge base]] is rudimentary. Basic figures on water resource availability, variability, and use are lacking or badly outdated. This is a prime prerequisite for logical decision making about adaptive measures to undertake. Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technologies to the assessment process can enhance accuracy and extent of coverage considerably. In addition to building the knowledge base itself, it is equally important to build capacity in at-risk developing countries to prepare national water budgets, assess hydrologic impacts of changes in climate parameters, and assess vulnerability and adaptive capacity.
@@ Line 66: / Line 67: @@
 Adoption of water saving technology by irrigating farmers is a key to adapting to scarcity. Drip irrigation is a scalable technology that is just as appropriate for a woman tending a 0.2 hectare vegetable plot as it is for one growing 25 hectares of orange trees, and it has enormous water-saving potential. Other possibilities include converting open earthen channels to buried pipelines and adding control gates to free flowing systems. In the domestic water supply arena there also technologies that can reduce water use, such as low volume toilets, low flow showerheads and metering. The private sector should generally be the party to market these technologies. Innovative groups, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Enterprises Denver-based IDE], provide early support to nascent manufactures and sellers of very-small-scale irrigation and domestic water supply equipment before they graduate to full private operation.
-{{#widget:YouTube|id=http:S0FK05GIoVM|height=500|width=750}} [http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/ http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/]
+{{#widget:YouTube|id=S0FK05GIoVM|height=500|width=750}}

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 In many countries expected to experience growing water scarcity as a result of climate change and ongoing population and economic growth, the [[Water resource knowledge bases|water resources knowledge base]] is rudimentary. Basic figures on water resource availability, variability, and use are lacking or badly outdated. This is a prime prerequisite for logical decision making about adaptive measures to undertake. Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technologies to the assessment process can enhance accuracy and extent of coverage considerably. In addition to building the knowledge base itself, it is equally important to build capacity in at-risk developing countries to prepare national water budgets, assess hydrologic impacts of changes in climate parameters, and assess vulnerability and adaptive capacity.
 == Water saving technology ==
 Adoption of water saving technology by irrigating farmers is a key to adapting to scarcity. Drip irrigation is a scalable technology that is just as appropriate for a woman tending a 0.2 hectare vegetable plot as it is for one growing 25 hectares of orange trees, and it has enormous water-saving potential. Other possibilities include converting open earthen channels to buried pipelines and adding control gates to free flowing systems. In the domestic water supply arena there also technologies that can reduce water use, such as low volume toilets, low flow showerheads and metering. The private sector should generally be the party to market these technologies. Innovative groups, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Enterprises Denver-based IDE], provide early support to nascent manufactures and sellers of very-small-scale irrigation and domestic water supply equipment before they graduate to full private operation.
 == Management and governance reforms ==

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 = Indicative priorities =
-{| style="width: 500px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5"
+{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="width: 500px"
 |-
+|
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 == Water scarcity ==
-The first robust priority is to develop measures to deal with growing [[Water_scarcity|water scarcity]] and increased variability. In many of the most vulnerable regions, this is already a problem and climate change impacts are very likely to exacerbate it. This suggests that [[Adaptation measures for water scarcity|measures to alleviate existing or impending water scarcity]] would also be beneficial in ameliorating similar climate change impacts. Such measures include steps to both manage demand for water and to enhance supply. This is very important. It means that we need not wait for ex post evidence of change and precise estimates of its magnitude before beginning to act, since action will be beneficial even in the absence of climate change impacts.
+The first robust priority is to develop measures to deal with growing [[Water scarcity|water scarcity]] and increased variability. In many of the most vulnerable regions, this is already a problem and climate change impacts are very likely to exacerbate it. This suggests that [[Adaptation measures for water scarcity|measures to alleviate existing or impending water scarcity]] would also be beneficial in ameliorating similar climate change impacts. Such measures include steps to both manage demand for water and to enhance supply. This is very important. It means that we need not wait for ex post evidence of change and precise estimates of its magnitude before beginning to act, since action will be beneficial even in the absence of climate change impacts.
 == Knowledge base and analytic capacity ==
@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 == Management and governance reforms ==
-In addition to technological improvements, and often complementing it, reforms in the management and governance of water distribution offers promise of more efficient water use, and more responsive adaptation to reduced future supplies. These include transfer of irrigation system management responsibility from the state to farmers. Establishing reliable systems of water rights are also essential tools to allow future shortages of water to be allocated equitably. Private sector marketing of water saving equipment and private extension activities can also be a part of such reforms.
+In addition to technological improvements, and often complementing it, reforms in the management and governance of water distribution offers promise of more efficient water use, and more responsive adaptation to reduced future supplies. These include transfer of irrigation system management responsibility from the state to farmers. Establishing reliable systems of water rights are also essential tools to allow future shortages of water to be [[Water_Development_and_Allocation|allocated]] equitably. Private sector marketing of water saving equipment and private extension activities can also be a part of such reforms.
 == Supply augmentation ==
@@ Line 106: / Line 106: @@
 Sperling, Frank, managing editor (c. 2002): Poverty and climate change, reducing the vulnerability of the poor through adaptation. AfDB, ADB, DfID, EC, BMZ, MA-DC (Netherlands), OECD, UNDP, UNEP, WB. Publisher unknown.

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 = Background =
-The changing global climate affects agriculture through a number of pathways. These include changes in [[precipitation|precipitation]] levels and intensities, [[Salinization|inundation of coastal agricultural lands]], reductions in [[groundwater_recharge|groundwater recharge]], increased incidence of flooding and droughts, and the effects of higher temperatures themselves on growing crops. The impacts of these effects vary from region to region, but many of the poorest regions of the world are among those that will bear their brunt.
+The changing global climate affects agriculture through a number of pathways. These include changes in [[Precipitation|precipitation]] levels and intensities, [[Salinization|inundation of coastal agricultural lands]], reductions in [[Groundwater recharge|groundwater recharge]], increased incidence of flooding and droughts, and the effects of higher temperatures themselves on growing crops. The impacts of these effects vary from region to region, but many of the poorest regions of the world are among those that will bear their brunt.
 A more extensive treatment of these issues is included in ''[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Water_and_Adaptation_to_Climate_Change Water and Adaptation to Climate Change]''.
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 <br/>Within the public sector, allocation of responsibilities for adaptive action among public agencies is largely a function of the structure and political economy of those government units and varies widely from country to country. Because of the pervasiveness of climate change impacts, a ministry or department with a broad mandate, such as planning or finance, is generally an appropriate choice to coordinate adaptation interventions (Sperling, c. 2002).
-[[International_organisations|International organizations]] also have a role to play in aiding adaptive action, particularly in lower-income countries. Such organizations can provide goods and services such as knowledge development and dissemination, information exchange, and awareness raising that possess economies of scale or that require an international footprint to be effective. They can also serve to build consensus on the need for action and provide legitimacy and support for reformers at the national level.
+[[International organisations|International organizations]] also have a role to play in aiding adaptive action, particularly in lower-income countries. Such organizations can provide goods and services such as knowledge development and dissemination, information exchange, and awareness raising that possess economies of scale or that require an international footprint to be effective. They can also serve to build consensus on the need for action and provide legitimacy and support for reformers at the national level.
 = Indicative priorities =
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 |}
-One important dimension of priority setting is geographic. There is wide agreement that certain regions of the developing world will be more strongly affected by changing temperatures and hydrology than others. In general, the Mediterranean region, Central America, Southern Africa, the Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian subcontinent are likely to be strongly and negatively affected. Within these regions of [[vulnerability|vulnerability]] lies great variability, and assessing adaptation priorities for particular areas requires country and region-specific analysis.
+One important dimension of priority setting is geographic. There is wide agreement that certain regions of the developing world will be more strongly affected by changing temperatures and hydrology than others. In general, the Mediterranean region, Central America, Southern Africa, the Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian subcontinent are likely to be strongly and negatively affected. Within these regions of [[Vulnerability|vulnerability]] lies great variability, and assessing adaptation priorities for particular areas requires country and region-specific analysis.
 However many of the expected water-related impacts of global warming are not unique and will often simply build on and exacerbate current trends and emerging problems. The foregoing analysis, coupled with the conclusions of the recent Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture (IWMI, 2007), leads to the identification of several robust priorities with widespread applicability.
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 == Water scarcity ==
-The first robust priority is to develop measures to deal with growing [[Water_Scarcity|water scarcity]] and increased variability. In many of the most vulnerable regions, this is already a problem and climate change impacts are very likely to exacerbate it. This suggests that [[Adaptation_measures_for_water_scarcity|measures to alleviate existing or impending water scarcity]] would also be beneficial in ameliorating similar climate change impacts. Such measures include steps to both manage demand for water and to enhance supply. This is very important. It means that we need not wait for ex post evidence of change and precise estimates of its magnitude before beginning to act, since action will be beneficial even in the absence of climate change impacts.
+The first robust priority is to develop measures to deal with growing [[Water_scarcity|water scarcity]] and increased variability. In many of the most vulnerable regions, this is already a problem and climate change impacts are very likely to exacerbate it. This suggests that [[Adaptation measures for water scarcity|measures to alleviate existing or impending water scarcity]] would also be beneficial in ameliorating similar climate change impacts. Such measures include steps to both manage demand for water and to enhance supply. This is very important. It means that we need not wait for ex post evidence of change and precise estimates of its magnitude before beginning to act, since action will be beneficial even in the absence of climate change impacts.
 == Knowledge base and analytic capacity ==
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 == Integrated planning and management ==
-Another robust priority is strengthening capacity for [[integrated_water_resource_management|integrated water resource planning and management]]. Such capacity will be beneficial under a wide range of climate impact scenarios. Integrated planning to deal with shrinking water availability and expanding demand for water is the bridge that translates knowledge into actions. Emphasis should be on both strengthening planning and management tools and developing mechanisms for broad [[stakeholder_participation|stakeholder participation]] in the planning process.
+Another robust priority is strengthening capacity for [[Integrated water resource management|integrated water resource planning and management]]. Such capacity will be beneficial under a wide range of climate impact scenarios. Integrated planning to deal with shrinking water availability and expanding demand for water is the bridge that translates knowledge into actions. Emphasis should be on both strengthening planning and management tools and developing mechanisms for broad [[Stakeholder participation|stakeholder participation]] in the planning process.
 = Strategies for adaptive action =
-The robust priorities identified above suggest a number of specific areas for adaptive action. [[Adaptation_measures_for_water_scarcity|Adapting to water scarcity]] is particularly rich in possibilities. Other actions can help integrate climate change impacts into ongoing planning and management processes, and enhance the knowledge base for planning and management. Most of these are “no regrets” measures that will have benefit regardless of the exact pathway that climate change follows in the coming decades. Many of these actions will take time to bear fruit, and so it is important to begin them soon.
+The robust priorities identified above suggest a number of specific areas for adaptive action. [[Adaptation measures for water scarcity|Adapting to water scarcity]] is particularly rich in possibilities. Other actions can help integrate climate change impacts into ongoing planning and management processes, and enhance the knowledge base for planning and management. Most of these are “no regrets” measures that will have benefit regardless of the exact pathway that climate change follows in the coming decades. Many of these actions will take time to bear fruit, and so it is important to begin them soon.
 == Integrate climate change into planning ==
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 == Water resources knowledge base ==
-In many countries expected to experience growing water scarcity as a result of climate change and ongoing population and economic growth, the [[water_resource_knowledge_bases|water resources knowledge base]] is rudimentary. Basic figures on water resource availability, variability, and use are lacking or badly outdated. This is a prime prerequisite for logical decision making about adaptive measures to undertake. Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technologies to the assessment process can enhance accuracy and extent of coverage considerably. In addition to building the knowledge base itself, it is equally important to build capacity in at-risk developing countries to prepare national water budgets, assess hydrologic impacts of changes in climate parameters, and assess vulnerability and adaptive capacity.
+In many countries expected to experience growing water scarcity as a result of climate change and ongoing population and economic growth, the [[Water resource knowledge bases|water resources knowledge base]] is rudimentary. Basic figures on water resource availability, variability, and use are lacking or badly outdated. This is a prime prerequisite for logical decision making about adaptive measures to undertake. Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technologies to the assessment process can enhance accuracy and extent of coverage considerably. In addition to building the knowledge base itself, it is equally important to build capacity in at-risk developing countries to prepare national water budgets, assess hydrologic impacts of changes in climate parameters, and assess vulnerability and adaptive capacity.
 == Water saving technology ==
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 == Awareness ==
 While there is widespread and growing awareness of global climate change as a threatening worldwide problem, there is much less understanding of the mechanisms that drive the problem and the options available both to mitigate it and to adapt to it. It is important to raise the awareness of policy makers, opinion leaders, and the general public in this regard. Policy roundtables, seminars conferences, and news features are all effective ways of doing this. Climate change can also be included in school curricula at all levels.
 = Related overviews =
@@ Line 94: / Line 95: @@
 [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Impacts_of_agricultural_water_use_on_climate_change Climate Change and Agriculture: Cause and Impact].
-[[:File:GIZ(2013)_Adapting_agriculture_to_climate_change.pdf|GIZ(2013) Adapting agriculture to climate change.pdf]]
+[[:File:GIZ(2013) Adapting agriculture to climate change.pdf|GIZ(2013) Adapting agriculture to climate change.pdf]]
 = References =

@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 While there is widespread and growing awareness of global climate change as a threatening worldwide problem, there is much less understanding of the mechanisms that drive the problem and the options available both to mitigate it and to adapt to it. It is important to raise the awareness of policy makers, opinion leaders, and the general public in this regard. Policy roundtables, seminars conferences, and news features are all effective ways of doing this. Climate change can also be included in school curricula at all levels.
 = Related overviews =
-[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination A Framework for Understanding Climate Change Adaptation][http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Impacts_of_agricultural_water_use_on_climate_change Climate Change and Agriculture: Cause and Impact].
+[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination A Framework for Understanding Climate Change Adaptation]
 = <br/>References =

@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 While there is widespread and growing awareness of global climate change as a threatening worldwide problem, there is much less understanding of the mechanisms that drive the problem and the options available both to mitigate it and to adapt to it. It is important to raise the awareness of policy makers, opinion leaders, and the general public in this regard. Policy roundtables, seminars conferences, and news features are all effective ways of doing this. Climate change can also be included in school curricula at all levels.
 = '''Related overviews''' =
-An framework for understanding climate change adaptation and an overview of climate change and agriculture are discussed in a pair of additional overviews in the AWP database ''A Framework for Understanding Climate Change Adaptation'' (make a hotlink), and ''Climate Change and Agriculture: Cause and Impact'' (make a hotlink).
+[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination A Framework for Understanding Climate Change Adaptation][http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Impacts_of_agricultural_water_use_on_climate_change Climate Change and Agriculture: Cause and Impact].
 = '''References''' =