Drainage and irrigation - Revision history

Irena Irmler at 10:47, 20 February 2014

2014-02-20T10:47:07Z

Jana Herold at 08:19, 18 April 2013

2013-04-18T08:19:40Z

Nikhil Kotecha: /* Project example and impact evaluation - Egypt: National Drainage Programme (NDP) */

2013-03-26T10:00:46Z

‎Project example and impact evaluation - Egypt: National Drainage Programme (NDP)

Jana Herold at 15:49, 5 March 2013

2013-03-05T15:49:09Z

Jana Herold: /* Measures */

2013-03-05T15:48:12Z

‎Measures

Jana Herold at 15:47, 5 March 2013

2013-03-05T15:47:36Z

Jana Herold at 15:46, 5 March 2013

2013-03-05T15:46:57Z

Jana Herold: /* References and further Reading */

2013-03-05T15:37:19Z

‎References and further Reading

Jana Herold at 08:01, 8 February 2013

2013-02-08T08:01:57Z

Jana Herold: /* References and further Reading */

2013-02-07T16:13:48Z

‎References and further Reading

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 '''5. Drainage protects human lives and assets against flooding and high groundwater levels'''
-Well-drained areas and properly functioning drainage infrastructure provide a buffer for torrential rainfall. Monsoon flooding and waterlogging are part of natural conditions in the humid tropics, but in other parts of the world such events are also becoming more frequent secondary to climate change. Since irrigation alters the hydrology of the soil, irrigated land no longer has the capacity to cope with highly intense rainfall. Tremendous loss of human lives and damage to assets increasingly occur through uncontrolled floods, as seen not only in India and Bangladesh, but also in Africa and other semi-arid regions.
+Well-drained areas and properly functioning drainage infrastructure provide a buffer for torrential rainfall. Monsoon flooding and waterlogging are part of natural conditions in the humid tropics, but in other parts of the world such events are also becoming more frequent secondary to climate change. Since irrigation alters the hydrology of the soil, irrigated land no longer has the capacity to cope with highly intense rainfall. Tremendous loss of human lives and damage to assets increasingly occur through uncontrolled floods, as seen not only in India and Bangladesh, but also in Africa and other [[Dryland_farming|semi-arid regions]].
 '''6. Drainage services improve health conditions'''
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 [http://www.waterca.org/programme/c3/by-country/tm/drainage?lang=en http://www.waterca.org/programme/c3/by-country/tm/drainage?lang=en]

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-Agricultural drainage controls the water level in the soil. Engineering science has long recognized that there should be no irrigation without drainage in order to avoid water logging and other negative impacts on productivity and soils; but this has mostly not been put into practice. Although the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management /[[IWRM|IWRM]] has been intensively discussed by the international water community (IWRM) and irrigation system management has undergone significant change during the last 15 years, drainage needs are very often not even considered (see e.g. Scheumann/ Freisem, 2001).<ref name="Scheumann">Scheumann, Waltina/ Claudia Freisem (2001): The Forgotten Factor: Drainage – Its’ Role for Sustainable Agriculture. Expert Statement written on behalf of Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn, Germany.</ref> Drainage is a technique, but foremost it is a service provided to clients. The way in which drainage is carried out has an essential influence on whether irrigated agriculture is sustainable – either for subsistence or for commercial agriculture (Huppert et al, 1991).<ref name="Huppert">Huppert, W./ M. Svendsen/ D.L.Vermillion (1991): Governing maintenance provision in irrigation: A guide to institutionally valuable maintenance strategies, GTZ GmbH. Eschborn, Germany.</ref>
+Agricultural drainage controls the water level in the soil. Engineering science has long recognized that there should be no irrigation without drainage in order to avoid water logging and other negative impacts on productivity and soils; but this has mostly not been put into practice. Although the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management ([[IWRM|IWRM)]] has been intensively discussed by the international water community and irrigation system management has undergone significant change during the last 15 years, drainage needs are very often not even considered.<ref name="Scheumann">Scheumann, Waltina/ Claudia Freisem (2001): The Forgotten Factor: Drainage – Its’ Role for Sustainable Agriculture. Expert Statement written on behalf of Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn, Germany.</ref> Drainage is a technique, but foremost it is a service provided to clients. The way in which drainage is carried out has an essential influence on whether irrigated agriculture is sustainable – either for subsistence or for commercial agriculture.<ref name="Huppert">Huppert, W./ M. Svendsen/ D.L.Vermillion (1991): Governing maintenance provision in irrigation: A guide to institutionally valuable maintenance strategies, GTZ GmbH. Eschborn, Germany.</ref>
 = Background: seven reasons for drainage =
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 = Challenges: designing and financing the maintenance of drainage =
-Unlike irrigation infrastructure, which provides immediate benefits, drainage is a more difficult task. The biggest challenge is the public-good characteristics of drainage infrastructure, which makes it difficult to enforce any cost-sharing (Huppert, 1991). In this section, a bundle of strategies are suggested to overcome these difficulties. Financing maintenance means introducing the right incentives to the various actors so that they will ensure a continued functioning of the infrastructure at the agreed level of service. These incentives are to be incorporated in the management arrangements between farmers, irrigation and drainage authorities and government (van Hofwegen, 2000: pp.21). These strategies include:
+Unlike irrigation infrastructure, which provides immediate benefits, drainage is a more difficult task. The biggest challenge is the public-good characteristics of drainage infrastructure, which makes it difficult to enforce any cost-sharing (Huppert, 1991). In this section, a bundle of strategies are suggested to overcome these difficulties. Financing maintenance means introducing the right incentives to the various actors so that they will ensure a continued functioning of the infrastructure at the agreed level of service. These incentives are to be incorporated in the management arrangements between farmers, irrigation and drainage authorities and government.<ref name="Hofwegen">Hofwegen, Paul J.M. van (2000): Incentives for Financing the Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems, Thematic Paper, No. 12, Division Rural Development, GTZ Eschborn, Germany.</ref> These strategies include:
 . The payment for service should be outweighed by the benefits obtained in the form of increased productivity, farm income, and improved livelihood.
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 Aside from consideration of the financing challenges, the main message of re-engaging in the irrigation and drainage sector, according to the World Bank (2006), should be to integrate such programs and projects into a broader perspective, one that embraces the objectives of productivity growth, poverty reduction, natural resources management and environmental protection.<ref name="Worldbank">Worldbank (2006): Reengaging in Agricultural Water Management. ISBN: 9780821364987.fckLR</ref>
 = Project example and impact evaluation - Egypt: National Drainage Programme (NDP) =
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 The maintenance condition of the areas drained to date with underground drainage systems is good, but the maintenance of open drainage canals (receiving waters) is more problematic. Another problem is the low cost-participation of the users, who currently only repay the investment costs (without interest) over a period of 20 years. The users do not contribute to covering the operating costs, even though they are in the position to bear additional costs. At present, EPADP receives sufficient public funds to ensure the functioning of the drainage systems. However, in the long run, the Egyptian state will not be able to bear the main brunt of the investment costs and the ongoing costs of the water supply and drainage systems. Thus, a legal framework has to be established in order to ask the users to bear a larger share of the operating costs.
 = References and further reading =

@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 Aside from consideration of the financing challenges, the main message of re-engaging in the irrigation and drainage sector, according to the World Bank (2006), should be to integrate such programs and projects into a broader perspective, one that embraces the objectives of productivity growth, poverty reduction, natural resources management and environmental protection.<ref name="Worldbank">Worldbank (2006): Reengaging in Agricultural Water Management. ISBN: 9780821364987.fckLR</ref>
 = Project example and impact evaluation - Egypt: National Drainage Programme (NDP) =
-One early example of the successful support of a national drainage program is located in Egypt, where the German Development Cooperation and other donors assisted the Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects in planning, implementation and monitoring of this program ([http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/ebank/EN http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/ebank/EN]).
+One early example of the successful support of a national drainage program is located in Egypt, where the German Development Cooperation and other donors assisted the Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects in planning, implementation and monitoring of this program ([http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/ebank/EN_Home/Evaluation/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_E-K/egypt_ndp.pdf http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/ebank/EN_Home/Evaluation/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_E-K/egypt_ndp.pdf]).
 '''Executing agency:''' Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects: (EPADP)
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 The maintenance condition of the areas drained to date with underground drainage systems is good, but the maintenance of open drainage canals (receiving waters) is more problematic. Another problem is the low cost-participation of the users, who currently only repay the investment costs (without interest) over a period of 20 years. The users do not contribute to covering the operating costs, even though they are in the position to bear additional costs. At present, EPADP receives sufficient public funds to ensure the functioning of the drainage systems. However, in the long run, the Egyptian state will not be able to bear the main brunt of the investment costs and the ongoing costs of the water supply and drainage systems. Thus, a legal framework has to be established in order to ask the users to bear a larger share of the operating costs.
 = References and further reading =

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Agricultural drainage controls the water level in the soil. Engineering science has long recognized that there should be no irrigation without drainage in order to avoid water logging and other negative impacts on productivity and soils; but this has mostly not been put into practice. Although the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management /IWRM has been intensively discussed by the international water community (IWRM) and irrigation system management has undergone significant change during the last 15 years, drainage needs are very often not even considered (see e.g. Scheumann/ Freisem, 2001).<ref name="Scheumann">Scheumann, Waltina/ Claudia Freisem (2001): The Forgotten Factor: Drainage – Its’ Role for Sustainable Agriculture. Expert Statement written on behalf of Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn, Germany.</ref> Drainage is a technique, but foremost it is a service provided to clients. The way in which drainage is carried out has an essential influence on whether irrigated agriculture is sustainable – either for subsistence or for commercial agriculture (Huppert et al, 1991).<ref name="Huppert">Huppert, W./ M. Svendsen/ D.L.Vermillion (1991): Governing maintenance provision in irrigation: A guide to institutionally valuable maintenance strategies, GTZ GmbH. Eschborn, Germany.</ref>
+Agricultural drainage controls the water level in the soil. Engineering science has long recognized that there should be no irrigation without drainage in order to avoid water logging and other negative impacts on productivity and soils; but this has mostly not been put into practice. Although the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management /[[IWRM|IWRM]] has been intensively discussed by the international water community (IWRM) and irrigation system management has undergone significant change during the last 15 years, drainage needs are very often not even considered (see e.g. Scheumann/ Freisem, 2001).<ref name="Scheumann">Scheumann, Waltina/ Claudia Freisem (2001): The Forgotten Factor: Drainage – Its’ Role for Sustainable Agriculture. Expert Statement written on behalf of Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn, Germany.</ref> Drainage is a technique, but foremost it is a service provided to clients. The way in which drainage is carried out has an essential influence on whether irrigated agriculture is sustainable – either for subsistence or for commercial agriculture (Huppert et al, 1991).<ref name="Huppert">Huppert, W./ M. Svendsen/ D.L.Vermillion (1991): Governing maintenance provision in irrigation: A guide to institutionally valuable maintenance strategies, GTZ GmbH. Eschborn, Germany.</ref>
 = Background: seven reasons for drainage =
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 Year-round irrigation along the Nile, which became possible due to the Aswan Dam, produced constantly rising groundwater levels and led to related water logging and soil salinization. When these side-effects became clearly visible from the mid-1970s, the Egyptian government started to implement extensive drainage programs. Under these programs field drainage pipes were installed in the soil of the drainage areas. The water collected in the drainage pipes is diverted, by force of gravity, in underground pipes (collectors) into a system of open drainage canals (receiving waters), and finally all surplus water collected in these canals is channeled via the River Nile into the Mediterranean Sea. Pumping stations are used where the water cannot be diverted by means of gravitation. The extensive drainage programs, of which the above mentioned project was a part, were very successful in preventing a rise in the groundwater level and the further salinization of the soil. They thus contribute substantially to improving the conditions for higher agricultural yields.
 === Measures ===
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 Measures (a), (b), (c) and (e) were part of the original project design concluded between the Egyptian Government and the World Bank. Since pumping stations are indispensable for the functioning of the system, the later modification in the course of the project implementation to include the financing of measure (d) to the amount of USD 37.8 million was factually justified. The construction work was provided by Egyptian firms with a good quality outcome. The selection of areas, the planning of drainage measures, and the implementation of the measures were all conducted properly.
 == Key Results of the Impact Evaluation ==
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 [[Governing Maintenance Provision|Huppert, W./ M. Svendsen/ D.L.Vermillion (2001): Governing maintenance provision in irrigation: A guide to institutionally valuable maintenance strategies, GTZ GmbH. Eschborn, Germany.]]
-[[Irrigation_and_the_environment_-_A_review_of_environmental_issues|Petermann, Thomas (1993): Irrigation and the Environment: A Review of Environmental Issues, GTZ Eschborn, Germany.]]
+[[Irrigation and the environment - A review of environmental issues|Petermann, Thomas (1993): Irrigation and the Environment: A Review of Environmental Issues, GTZ Eschborn, Germany.]]
 Scheumann, Waltina (1997): Managing salinization. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 Year-round irrigation along the Nile, which became possible due to the Aswan Dam, produced constantly rising groundwater levels and led to related water logging and soil salinization. When these side-effects became clearly visible from the mid-1970s, the Egyptian government started to implement extensive drainage programs. Under these programs field drainage pipes were installed in the soil of the drainage areas. The water collected in the drainage pipes is diverted, by force of gravity, in underground pipes (collectors) into a system of open drainage canals (receiving waters), and finally all surplus water collected in these canals is channeled via the River Nile into the Mediterranean Sea. Pumping stations are used where the water cannot be diverted by means of gravitation. The extensive drainage programs, of which the above mentioned project was a part, were very successful in preventing a rise in the groundwater level and the further salinization of the soil. They thus contribute substantially to improving the conditions for higher agricultural yields.
 === Measures ===
-#The following measures were implemented:<br/>(a) initial drainage of roughly 248,000 ha;<br/>(b) rehabilitation of roughly 63,000 ha of field drainage;<br/>(c) extension of about 1344 km of existing receiving waters which cover a drainage area of 214,200 ha;<br/>(d) Financing of electro-mechanical equipment and spare parts for drainage pumping stations and of vehicles;<br/>(e) financing of equipment for the installation and maintenance of drainage pipes and systems for the production of pipes.
+The following measures were implemented:
 Measures (a), (b), (c) and (e) were part of the original project design concluded between the Egyptian Government and the World Bank. Since pumping stations are indispensable for the functioning of the system, the later modification in the course of the project implementation to include the financing of measure (d) to the amount of USD 37.8 million was factually justified. The construction work was provided by Egyptian firms with a good quality outcome. The selection of areas, the planning of drainage measures, and the implementation of the measures were all conducted properly.
 == Key Results of the Impact Evaluation ==

@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 The maintenance condition of the areas drained to date with underground drainage systems is good, but the maintenance of open drainage canals (receiving waters) is more problematic. Another problem is the low cost-participation of the users, who currently only repay the investment costs (without interest) over a period of 20 years. The users do not contribute to covering the operating costs, even though they are in the position to bear additional costs. At present, EPADP receives sufficient public funds to ensure the functioning of the drainage systems. However, in the long run, the Egyptian state will not be able to bear the main brunt of the investment costs and the ongoing costs of the water supply and drainage systems. Thus, a legal framework has to be established in order to ask the users to bear a larger share of the operating costs.
 = References and further Reading =
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 <references />
-[[Incentives_for_financing_the_maintenance_of_irrigation_and_drainage_systems|Hofwegen, Paul J.M. van (2000): Incentives for Financing the Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems, Thematic Paper, No. 12, Division Rural Development, GTZ Eschborn, Germany.]]
+[[Incentives for financing the maintenance of irrigation and drainage systems|Hofwegen, Paul J.M. van (2000): Incentives for Financing the Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems, Thematic Paper, No. 12, Division Rural Development, GTZ Eschborn, Germany.]]
 [[Governing Maintenance Provision|Huppert, W./ M. Svendsen/ D.L.Vermillion (2001): Governing maintenance provision in irrigation: A guide to institutionally valuable maintenance strategies, GTZ GmbH. Eschborn, Germany.]]

@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 The maintenance condition of the areas drained to date with underground drainage systems is good, but the maintenance of open drainage canals (receiving waters) is more problematic. Another problem is the low cost-participation of the users, who currently only repay the investment costs (without interest) over a period of 20 years. The users do not contribute to covering the operating costs, even though they are in the position to bear additional costs. At present, EPADP receives sufficient public funds to ensure the functioning of the drainage systems. However, in the long run, the Egyptian state will not be able to bear the main brunt of the investment costs and the ongoing costs of the water supply and drainage systems. Thus, a legal framework has to be established in order to ask the users to bear a larger share of the operating costs.
@@ Line 105: / Line 106: @@
 <references />
-[[GIZ/van_Hofwegen,_P._(2000):_Incentives_for_financing_the_maintenance_of_irrigation_and_drainage_systems|Hofwegen, Paul J.M. van (2000): Incentives for Financing the Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems, Thematic Paper, No. 12, Division Rural Development, GTZ Eschborn, Germany]].
+[[GIZ/van Hofwegen, P. (2000): Incentives for financing the maintenance of irrigation and drainage systems|Hofwegen, Paul J.M. van (2000): Incentives for Financing the Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems, Thematic Paper, No. 12, Division Rural Development, GTZ Eschborn, Germany]].
-[[Governing_Maintenance_Provision|Huppert, W./ M. Svendsen/ D.L.Vermillion (1991): Governing maintenance provision in irrigation: A guide to institutionally valuable maintenance strategies, GTZ GmbH. Eschborn, Germany.]]
+[[Governing Maintenance Provision|Huppert, W./ M. Svendsen/ D.L.Vermillion (2001): Governing maintenance provision in irrigation: A guide to institutionally valuable maintenance strategies, GTZ GmbH. Eschborn, Germany.]]
-[[GIZ/Petermann,_Th._(1993):_Irrigation_and_the_Environment|Petermann, Thomas (1993): Irrigation and the Environment: A Review of Environmental Issues, GTZ Eschborn, Germany.]]
+[[GIZ/Petermann, Th. (1993): Irrigation and the Environment|Petermann, Thomas (1993): Irrigation and the Environment: A Review of Environmental Issues, GTZ Eschborn, Germany.]]
 Scheumann, Waltina (1997): Managing salinization. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.