Ecosystem-based Adaptation - Revision history

Avinash Kumar at 12:49, 7 September 2016

2016-09-07T12:49:47Z

Avinash Kumar at 12:46, 7 September 2016

2016-09-07T12:46:47Z

Avinash Kumar at 12:37, 7 September 2016

2016-09-07T12:37:05Z

Avinash Kumar at 07:40, 25 May 2016

2016-05-25T07:40:28Z

Irena Irmler at 10:36, 20 February 2014

2014-02-20T10:36:18Z

Irena Irmler at 11:28, 7 June 2013

2013-06-07T11:28:49Z

Irena Irmler at 11:20, 7 June 2013

2013-06-07T11:20:49Z

Irena Irmler: /* Mainstreaming of EbA */

2013-06-07T10:45:14Z

‎Mainstreaming of EbA

Irena Irmler: /* Mainstreaming of EbA */

2013-06-07T10:43:18Z

‎Mainstreaming of EbA

Irena Irmler at 10:42, 7 June 2013

2013-06-07T10:42:53Z

@@ Line 138: / Line 138: @@
 The knowledge on EbA implementation is constantly being refined and complemented. While some elements in project design are seen as a necessity in EbA measures and must be included (“must haves”), others are additional steps that complement the measure (“nice to have”), a categorisation which is still to be elaborated further.
-In the following, EbA “must haves” and “nice to have” will be explained with the aid of a concrete project example, the project “Adaptation to climate change by promoting the biodiversity in province Bac Lieu”, Vietnam”. The Mekong Delta was identified by the Worldbank and the IPCC as one of the regions most threated by climate change. Different [[Interpretation of climate projections/ assessments/ scenarios|climate scenarios]] predict increasing [[Variability and extreme events|flooding events]], tropical storms, a rise in sea level and soil [[Salinization|salinationin]] the near future. At the same time, natural protection systems against these threats, such as mangrove forests, are heavily degraded through intensive monocultures, shrimp farming and unsustainable use of resources. The main objective of the project is to increase the protective function of the coastal forests through sustainable [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Portal:Resource_Management resource management] and the promotion of biodiversity.
+In the following, EbA “must haves” and “nice to have” will be explained with the aid of a concrete project example, the project “Adaptation to climate change by promoting the biodiversity in province Bac Lieu”, Vietnam”. The Mekong Delta was identified by the Worldbank and the IPCC as one of the regions most threated by climate change. Different climate scenarios predict increasing [[Variability and extreme events|flooding events]], tropical storms, a rise in sea level and soil [[Salinization|salinationin]] the near future. At the same time, natural protection systems against these threats, such as mangrove forests, are heavily degraded through intensive monocultures, shrimp farming and unsustainable use of resources. The main objective of the project is to increase the protective function of the coastal forests through sustainable resource management and the promotion of biodiversity.
 Moreover, additional complementary measures can be taken, so-called “nice to haves”. These include:
@@ Line 196: / Line 196: @@
 __noeditsection__
 [[Category:Climate_Change]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:46, 7 September 2016
Line 196:		Line 196:
	__noeditsection__		__noeditsection__

−	~~[[Category:Climate_Change]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Climate_Change_Adaptation]]~~
	[[Category:Excellent]]		[[Category:Excellent]]
		+	[[Category:Climate_Change_Adaptation]]
		+	[[Category:Climate_Change]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 “Ecosystem-based adaptation is the use of biodiversity and [[Ecosystem services approach|ecosystem services]] as part of an overall [[Adaptation strategies|adaptation strategy]] to help people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change.” CBD 2009
@@ Line 195: / Line 194: @@
 <font size="2"><references /></font>
-[[Category:Excellent]]
+__noeditsection__
-[[Category:Climate_Change_Adaptation]]
 [[Category:Climate_Change]]

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 EbA has evolved into an important link between the three [http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Publications/rio_20_adaptation_brochure.pdf Rio Conventions]<ref>http://ebaflagship.org/images/ContentsForPublications/eba</ref>:
 *the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),
 *the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and
@@ Line 21: / Line 22: @@
 === Cancun ===
-Under the Cancun Adaptation Framework (2010) parties are encouraged to build the resilience of ecological systems, and slow onsetting events such as biodiversity loss, forest degradation and desertification are addressed. In this context, UNCCD has been engaged in enhancing the [[Adaptive capacity|adaptive capacities]] of [[Dryland_farming|dryland]] populations to highly variable environmental conditions. <font size="2">After several years of discussion on definitions and content, current efforts strive to provide information on the implementation and [[Climate finance|financing]] of EbA measures and to fill knowledge gaps on the links between climate change and biodiversity (see recent decisions at CBD COP 10<ref>http://www.cbd.int/cop/cop-11/doc/2012-10-24-advanced-unedited-cop-11-decisions-en.pdf</ref>). A database on EbA<ref>http://unfccc.int/adaptation/nairobi_work_programme/knowledge_resources_and_publications/items/6227.php</ref> approaches was mandated in the context of the UNFCCC Nairobi work programme<ref>http://unfccc.int/adaptation/nairobi_work_programme/items/3633.php</ref> in 2011. Under the same programme a workshop on ecosystem-based approaches for adaptation is to be held in 2013 in cooperation with the CBD and UNCCD, which will consider the synergies and lessons learned through the implementation of the three Rio Conventions.</font>
+Under the Cancun Adaptation Framework (2010) parties are encouraged to build the resilience of ecological systems, and slow onsetting events such as biodiversity loss, forest degradation and desertification are addressed. In this context, UNCCD has been engaged in enhancing the [[Adaptive capacity|adaptive capacities]] of [[Dryland farming|dryland]] populations to highly variable environmental conditions. <font size="2">After several years of discussion on definitions and content, current efforts strive to provide information on the implementation and [[Climate finance|financing]] of EbA measures and to fill knowledge gaps on the links between climate change and biodiversity (see recent decisions at CBD COP 10<ref>http://www.cbd.int/cop/cop-11/doc/2012-10-24-advanced-unedited-cop-11-decisions-en.pdf</ref>). A database on EbA<ref>http://unfccc.int/adaptation/nairobi_work_programme/knowledge_resources_and_publications/items/6227.php</ref> approaches was mandated in the context of the UNFCCC Nairobi work programme<ref>http://unfccc.int/adaptation/nairobi_work_programme/items/3633.php</ref> in 2011. Under the same programme a workshop on ecosystem-based approaches for adaptation is to be held in 2013 in cooperation with the CBD and UNCCD, which will consider the synergies and lessons learned through the implementation of the three Rio Conventions.</font>
 {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="width: 500px"
@@ Line 49: / Line 50: @@
 <font size="2">In general, the EbA approach under the BMZ is usually part of a broader adaptation strategy, visible in EbA components in mainstreaming or pilot projects.</font>
 *<font size="2">In the project "Capacity Building for Collaborative Management of Coastal Wetlands in Soc Trang" in Vietnam, EbA is mainstreamed within cross-sectoral cooperation while further local measures for wetlands conservation have been piloted.</font>
 <font size="2">EbA projects commissioned by the BMU-IKI are generally projects with a specific focus on EbA measures for climate change adaptation. </font>Examples are:
 *<font size="2">"Coastal and marine biodiversity and capacity development for adaptation to climate change" in Costa Rica</font>
 *<font size="2">"Biodiversity and climate change in the Atlantic Forest Biome in Brazil"</font>
@@ Line 61: / Line 64: @@
 <font size="2">Some actors have integrated EbA as a core activity. Among others,</font>
 *<font size="2">the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN),</font>
 *<font size="2">Conservation International (CI),</font>
@@ Line 69: / Line 73: @@
 <font size="2">The [http://www.elanadapt.net/ Ecosystems and Livelihoods Adaptation Network] (ELAN) partnership<ref>http://www.elanadapt.net/</ref> (IUCN, WWF, CARE, IIED) is active in different areas:</font>
 *<font size="2">informing policy (guidelines)</font>
 *good practices
@@ Line 104: / Line 109: @@
 In the following, this framework will be explained and illustrated with the aid of two GIZ projects from Vietnam. The example is simplified for better understanding. The projects
 *“Sustainable Management of Coastal Forest Ecosystems in Bac Lieu Province” (2009-2011) and
 *“Management of Natural Resources in the Coastal Zone of Soc Trang Province”<ref>http://czm-soctrang.org.vn/en/home.aspx</ref> (ongoing since 2007)
@@ Line 120: / Line 126: @@
 The figure visualizes the EbA mainstreaming cycle and gives some examples of tools, methods and approaches that can be utilized at each step (still work in progress).
 #In the beginning, the exposure unit (region, sector, etc.) is screened by applying a climate lens.
 #To be able to sustain development efforts also in a context of climate change, adaptation needs are being assessed in step 2. The vulnerability assessment considers exposure, sensitivity and [[Adaptive capacity|adaptive capacity]]. To identify interdependencies the DPSIR framework can be of help. EbA specifies are most prominent in the following steps: identification, selection and implementation of adaptation options.
@@ Line 135: / Line 142: @@
 Moreover, additional complementary measures can be taken, so-called “nice to haves”. These include:
 *Quantification of [[Ecosystem services approach|ecosystem services]] and cost-benefit analyses (for more information see manual Integrating Ecosystem Services into Development Planning).
 *Examples for opportunity costs (EbA infrastructure measures): Mangrove [[Reforestation|reforestation]] and renaturation, for example, greatly reduces costs of [[Dikes, dams, levees|dike]] construction and maintenance.
@@ Line 187: / Line 195: @@
 <font size="2"><references /></font>
 [[Category:Excellent]]

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 === Cancun ===
-Under the Cancun Adaptation Framework (2010) parties are encouraged to build the resilience of ecological systems, and slow onsetting events such as biodiversity loss, forest degradation and desertification are addressed. In this context, UNCCD has been engaged in enhancing the [[Adaptive capacity|adaptive capacities]] of dryland populations to highly variable environmental conditions. <font size="2">After several years of discussion on definitions and content, current efforts strive to provide information on the implementation and [[Climate finance|financing]] of EbA measures and to fill knowledge gaps on the links between climate change and biodiversity (see recent decisions at CBD COP 10<ref>http://www.cbd.int/cop/cop-11/doc/2012-10-24-advanced-unedited-cop-11-decisions-en.pdf</ref>). A database on EbA<ref>http://unfccc.int/adaptation/nairobi_work_programme/knowledge_resources_and_publications/items/6227.php</ref> approaches was mandated in the context of the UNFCCC Nairobi work programme<ref>http://unfccc.int/adaptation/nairobi_work_programme/items/3633.php</ref> in 2011. Under the same programme a workshop on ecosystem-based approaches for adaptation is to be held in 2013 in cooperation with the CBD and UNCCD, which will consider the synergies and lessons learned through the implementation of the three Rio Conventions.</font>
+Under the Cancun Adaptation Framework (2010) parties are encouraged to build the resilience of ecological systems, and slow onsetting events such as biodiversity loss, forest degradation and desertification are addressed. In this context, UNCCD has been engaged in enhancing the [[Adaptive capacity|adaptive capacities]] of [[Dryland_farming|dryland]] populations to highly variable environmental conditions. <font size="2">After several years of discussion on definitions and content, current efforts strive to provide information on the implementation and [[Climate finance|financing]] of EbA measures and to fill knowledge gaps on the links between climate change and biodiversity (see recent decisions at CBD COP 10<ref>http://www.cbd.int/cop/cop-11/doc/2012-10-24-advanced-unedited-cop-11-decisions-en.pdf</ref>). A database on EbA<ref>http://unfccc.int/adaptation/nairobi_work_programme/knowledge_resources_and_publications/items/6227.php</ref> approaches was mandated in the context of the UNFCCC Nairobi work programme<ref>http://unfccc.int/adaptation/nairobi_work_programme/items/3633.php</ref> in 2011. Under the same programme a workshop on ecosystem-based approaches for adaptation is to be held in 2013 in cooperation with the CBD and UNCCD, which will consider the synergies and lessons learned through the implementation of the three Rio Conventions.</font>
 {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="width: 500px"
@@ Line 130: / Line 130: @@
 == Must haves and nice to haves ==
 The knowledge on EbA implementation is constantly being refined and complemented. While some elements in project design are seen as a necessity in EbA measures and must be included (“must haves”), others are additional steps that complement the measure (“nice to have”), a categorisation which is still to be elaborated further.
-In the following, EbA “must haves” and “nice to have” will be explained with the aid of a concrete project example, the project “Adaptation to climate change by promoting the biodiversity in province Bac Lieu”, Vietnam”. The Mekong Delta was identified by the Worldbank and the IPCC as one of the regions most threated by climate change. Different [[Interpretation_of_climate_projections/_assessments/_scenarios|climate scenarios]] predict increasing [[Variability_and_extreme_events|flooding events]], tropical storms, a rise in sea level and soil [[Salinization|salination]]in the near future. At the same time, natural protection systems against these threats, such as mangrove forests, are heavily degraded through intensive monocultures, shrimp farming and unsustainable use of resources. The main objective of the project is to increase the protective function of the coastal forests through sustainable [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Portal:Resource_Management resource management] and the promotion of biodiversity.
+In the following, EbA “must haves” and “nice to have” will be explained with the aid of a concrete project example, the project “Adaptation to climate change by promoting the biodiversity in province Bac Lieu”, Vietnam”. The Mekong Delta was identified by the Worldbank and the IPCC as one of the regions most threated by climate change. Different [[Interpretation of climate projections/ assessments/ scenarios|climate scenarios]] predict increasing [[Variability and extreme events|flooding events]], tropical storms, a rise in sea level and soil [[Salinization|salinationin]] the near future. At the same time, natural protection systems against these threats, such as mangrove forests, are heavily degraded through intensive monocultures, shrimp farming and unsustainable use of resources. The main objective of the project is to increase the protective function of the coastal forests through sustainable [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Portal:Resource_Management resource management] and the promotion of biodiversity.
 Moreover, additional complementary measures can be taken, so-called “nice to haves”. These include:
-*Quantification of [[Ecosystem_services_approach|ecosystem services]] and cost-benefit analyses (for more information see manual Integrating Ecosystem Services into Development Planning).
+*Quantification of [[Ecosystem services approach|ecosystem services]] and cost-benefit analyses (for more information see manual Integrating Ecosystem Services into Development Planning).
-*Examples for opportunity costs (EbA infrastructure measures): Mangrove [[reforestation|reforestation]] and renaturation, for example, greatly reduces costs of [[Dikes,_dams,_levees|dike]] construction and maintenance.
+*Examples for opportunity costs (EbA infrastructure measures): Mangrove [[Reforestation|reforestation]] and renaturation, for example, greatly reduces costs of [[Dikes, dams, levees|dike]] construction and maintenance.
-*Sustainably functioning [[Climate_finance|financing]] mechanisms, for instance Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES): landowners and users are offered monetary or non-monetary incentives in exchange for managing their land to provide certain quantity or quality of ecosystem services, e.g. payments of downstream river users to upstream users for proper waste management to reduce river pollution.
+*Sustainably functioning [[Climate finance|financing]] mechanisms, for instance Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES): landowners and users are offered monetary or non-monetary incentives in exchange for managing their land to provide certain quantity or quality of ecosystem services, e.g. payments of downstream river users to upstream users for proper waste management to reduce river pollution.
 Bearing these aspects in mind when designing and implementing an EbA project is an important step towards avoiding pitfalls, such as the accidental introduction of non-native invasive species, inadequate integration of stakeholders and socio-economic issues or improper and partial restoration resulting in monocultures with little ecosystem service capacity.
@@ Line 186: / Line 186: @@
 <font size="2"><references /></font>

@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 The EbA mainstreaming cycle explains how to integrate EbA into a project, policy or planning process. Following the different steps is closely related to the step-by-step approach of the tool “[[:File:GIZ (2011) Climate Proofing for Development.pdf|Climate Proofing for Development]]”, pinpointing the particularities of EbA.
-[[File:EbA Mainstreaming Cycle, EbA components and respective tools.png|none]]
+[[File:EbA Mainstreaming Cycle, EbA components and respective tools.png|none|778px|alt=EbA Mainstreaming Cycle, EbA components and respective tools.png]]
 The figure visualizes the EbA mainstreaming cycle and gives some examples of tools, methods and approaches that can be utilized at each step (still work in progress).
@@ Line 125: / Line 125: @@
 #In step 4 decision makers will need arguments for choosing EbA measures. A proactive communication concept for EbA will be helpful in familiarizing stakeholders with potential advantages.
 #Once EbA options have been chosen another question arises for the implementation (step 5). Only functioning ecosystems and their services can be used for the purpose of adaptation. However, they are often affected by anthropogenic pressures and there might be additional threats from climate change which are becoming more and more important. Thus, within an EbA approach, activities to adapt ecosystems to the effects of climate change can be of importance to secure the EbA options which have been chosen. The evaluation concludes the cycle. Monitoring instead is a process coherent in every stage (see “Adaptation made to measure”).
 = EbA in Practice =
@@ Line 132: / Line 130: @@
 == Must haves and nice to haves ==
-The knowledge on EbA implementation is constantly being refined and complemented. While some elements in project design are seen as a necessity in EbA measures and must be included (“must haves”), others are additional steps that complement the measure (“nice to have”), a categorisation which is still to be elaborated further. In the following, EbA “must haves” and “nice to have” will be explained with the aid of a concrete project example, the project “Adaptation to climate change by promoting the biodiversity in province Bac Lieu”, Vietnam”. The Mekong Delta was identified by the Worldbank and the IPCC as one of the regions most threated by climate change. Different climate scenarios predict increasing flooding events, tropical storms, a rise in sea level and soil salination in the near future. At the same time, natural protection systems against these threats, such as mangrove forests, are heavily degraded through intensive monocultures, shrimp farming and unsustainable use of resources. The main objective of the project is to increase the protective function of the coastal forests through sustainable resource management and the promotion of biodiversity. Moreover, additional complementary measures can be taken, so-called “nice to haves”. These include:
+The knowledge on EbA implementation is constantly being refined and complemented. While some elements in project design are seen as a necessity in EbA measures and must be included (“must haves”), others are additional steps that complement the measure (“nice to have”), a categorisation which is still to be elaborated further.
 *Quantification of ecosystem services and cost-benefit analyses (for more information see manual Integrating Ecosystem Services into Development Planning).
-*Examples for opportunity costs (EbA infrastructure measures): Mangrove reforestation and renaturation, for example, greatly reduces costs of dike construction and maintenance.
+In the following, EbA “must haves” and “nice to have” will be explained with the aid of a concrete project example, the project “Adaptation to climate change by promoting the biodiversity in province Bac Lieu”, Vietnam”. The Mekong Delta was identified by the Worldbank and the IPCC as one of the regions most threated by climate change. Different [[Interpretation_of_climate_projections/_assessments/_scenarios|climate scenarios]] predict increasing [[Variability_and_extreme_events|flooding events]], tropical storms, a rise in sea level and soil [[Salinization|salination]]in the near future. At the same time, natural protection systems against these threats, such as mangrove forests, are heavily degraded through intensive monocultures, shrimp farming and unsustainable use of resources. The main objective of the project is to increase the protective function of the coastal forests through sustainable [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Portal:Resource_Management resource management] and the promotion of biodiversity.
 *Sustainably functioning financing mechanisms, for instance Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES): landowners and users are offered monetary or non-monetary incentives in exchange for managing their land to provide certain quantity or quality of ecosystem services, e.g. payments of downstream river users to upstream users for proper waste management to reduce river pollution.
 Bearing these aspects in mind when designing and implementing an EbA project is an important step towards avoiding pitfalls, such as the accidental introduction of non-native invasive species, inadequate integration of stakeholders and socio-economic issues or improper and partial restoration resulting in monocultures with little ecosystem service capacity.

@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 As a response, in Vietnam the EbA measures focus on rehabilitation and conservation activities as well as the promotion of sustainable management practices. The rehabilitation of degraded coastal forests through [[Reforestation|afforestation]] and seedling protection restores declined ecosystem services. The indication of protected zones where [[Water logging|logging]] and shrimp farming is not allowed, contributes to conserves the ecosystems. Further, management schemes for mangrove forests and shrimp farms have been introduced. They include fishing regulations and promote alternative income opportunities for local communities. These measures strengthen the resilience of local communities by reducing the drivers of ecosystem degradation and maintaining the ecosystem services.
@@ Line 120: / Line 121: @@
 &#x5B;&#x5B;File:EbA Mainstreaming Cycle, EbA components and respective tools.png|thumb|Add caption here&#x5D;&#x5D;
-The figure visualizes the EbA mainstreaming cycle and gives some examples of tools, methods and approaches that can be utilized at each step (still work in progress). In the beginning, the exposure unit (region, sector, etc.) is screened by applying a climate lens. To be able to sustain development efforts also in a context of climate change, adaptation needs are being assessed in step 2. The vulnerability assessment considers exposure, sensitivity and [[Adaptive capacity|adaptive capacity]]. To identify interdependencies the DPSIR framework can be of help. EbA specifies are most prominent in the following steps: identification, selection and implementation of adaptation options. In step 3 EbA options should be considered next to other adaptation options. In step 4 decision makers will need arguments for choosing EbA measures. A proactive communication concept for EbA will be helpful in familiarizing stakeholders with potential advantages. Once EbA options have been chosen another question arises for the implementation (step 5). Only functioning ecosystems and their services can be used for the purpose of adaptation. However, they are often affected by anthropogenic pressures and there might be additional threats from climate change which are becoming more and more important. Thus, within an EbA approach, activities to adapt ecosystems to the effects of climate change can be of importance to secure the EbA options which have been chosen. The evaluation concludes the cycle. Monitoring instead is a process coherent in every stage (see “Adaptation made to measure”).
+The figure visualizes the EbA mainstreaming cycle and gives some examples of tools, methods and approaches that can be utilized at each step (still work in progress).

@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 <font size="2">The [http://www.elanadapt.net/ Ecosystems and Livelihoods Adaptation Network] (ELAN) partnership<ref>http://www.elanadapt.net/</ref> (IUCN, WWF, CARE, IIED) is active in different areas:</font>
 *<font size="2">informing policy (guidelines)</font>
+*good practices
 *<font size="2">capacity building (training materials and workshops)</font>
 *<font size="2">strengthening science and</font>
-*<font size="2"><ref>http://elanadapt.net/sites/default/files/siteimages/sna_report_cca_forum_2011.pdf</ref></font>
+*<font size="2">knowledge management<ref>http://elanadapt.net/sites/default/files/siteimages/sna_report_cca_forum_2011.pdf</ref></font>
 <font size="2">Furthermore, a new ‘EBA Decision Support Framework’<ref>http://www.unep.org/climatechange/adaptation/Portals/133/documents/Ecosystem-Based%20Adaptation/Decision%20Support%20Framework/EBA%20Guidance_WORKING%20DOCUMENT%2030032012.pdf</ref> is under development by UNEP and partners to assist national planners and decision makers select, design, implement and track EbA approaches as part of a wider adaptation strategy (Ecosystem based Adaptation Guidance).</font>
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 The EbA mainstreaming cycle explains how to integrate EbA into a project, policy or planning process. Following the different steps is closely related to the step-by-step approach of the tool “[[:File:GIZ (2011) Climate Proofing for Development.pdf|Climate Proofing for Development]]”, pinpointing the particularities of EbA.
-&#x5B;&#x5B;File:EbA Mainstreaming Cycle, EbA components and respective tools.png|thumb|EbA Mainstreaming Cycle, EbA components and respective tools&#x5D;&#x5D;
+File:EbA Mainstreaming Cycle, EbA components and respective tools.png|thumb|EbA Mainstreaming Cycle, EbA components and respective tools;
 The figure visualizes the EbA mainstreaming cycle and gives some examples of tools, methods and approaches that can be utilized at each step (still work in progress). In the beginning, the exposure unit (region, sector, etc.) is screened by applying a climate lens. To be able to sustain development efforts also in a context of climate change, adaptation needs are being assessed in step 2. The vulnerability assessment considers exposure, sensitivity and [[Adaptive capacity|adaptive capacity]]. To identify interdependencies the DPSIR framework can be of help. EbA specifies are most prominent in the following steps: identification, selection and implementation of adaptation options. In step 3 EbA options should be considered next to other adaptation options. In step 4 decision makers will need arguments for choosing EbA measures. A proactive communication concept for EbA will be helpful in familiarizing stakeholders with potential advantages. Once EbA options have been chosen another question arises for the implementation (step 5). Only functioning ecosystems and their services can be used for the purpose of adaptation. However, they are often affected by anthropogenic pressures and there might be additional threats from climate change which are becoming more and more important. Thus, within an EbA approach, activities to adapt ecosystems to the effects of climate change can be of importance to secure the EbA options which have been chosen. The evaluation concludes the cycle. Monitoring instead is a process coherent in every stage (see “Adaptation made to measure”).