Land levelling - Revision history

Avinash Kumar at 10:04, 21 September 2016

2016-09-21T10:04:23Z

Avinash Kumar at 07:49, 21 September 2016

2016-09-21T07:49:26Z

Alexandra Gavilano at 14:25, 19 September 2016

2016-09-19T14:25:23Z

Alexandra Gavilano at 09:36, 14 September 2016

2016-09-14T09:36:53Z

Avinash Kumar at 07:42, 12 September 2016

2016-09-12T07:42:56Z

Avinash Kumar at 11:50, 5 September 2016

2016-09-05T11:50:40Z

Avinash Kumar at 11:50, 5 September 2016

2016-09-05T11:50:21Z

Irena Irmler at 13:26, 20 February 2014

2014-02-20T13:26:17Z

Jana Herold at 15:34, 5 March 2013

2013-03-05T15:34:35Z

Jana Herold at 15:49, 28 January 2013

2013-01-28T15:49:28Z

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 GIZ (2010): Training Manual for Agricultural Water Management Specialists: Executive Summary, Cairo
-[[Category:Excellent]]
+__noeditsection__
 [[Category:Enabling_Environment]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Land levelling is a measure used in surface irrigation, such as basin and furrow irrigation. It consists of:
@@ Line 73: / Line 72: @@
 GIZ (2010): Training Manual for Agricultural Water Management Specialists: Executive Summary, Cairo
 [[Category:Excellent]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Land levelling is a measure used in surface irrigation, such as basin and furrow irrigation. It consists of:
 *preparing the irrigation plot in a way that no high and/or low spots disturb the uniform distribution of irrigation water on the field, and
 *ensuring the optimal slope for water movement across a field when irrigated.
@@ Line 43: / Line 45: @@
 In summary, the main benefits of levelling are:
 *improved crop establishment,
 *even water coverage of the field,
 *even crop stand and maturation,
-*reduction of weeds by up to 40 % (thereby a 75 % decrease of labour required for weeding),
+*reduction of weeds by up to 40&nbsp;% (thereby a 75&nbsp;% decrease of labour required for weeding),
-*increase of farming area by 5-7 %,
+*increase of farming area by 5-7&nbsp;%,
-*reduction of farm operation times by 10-15 %,
+*reduction of farm operation times by 10-15&nbsp;%,
 *within rice production, the possibility of changing from planting and transplanting to direct seeding which results in reduced labour of 30 person-days per ha, and
-*average yield increase of 10- 20 %
+*average yield increase of 10- 20&nbsp;%
 = Costs and net profit – Example from Egypt =
@@ Line 56: / Line 59: @@
 In Egypt, the Egyptian-German Water Resource Management Reform Programme quantified the costs and benefits (in Egyptian Pound (LE) per feddan and year) of land levelling. As most farmers in Egypt do land levelling, the data did not compare plots where no levelling had been conducted. Highest yield increase and cost savings were achieved by using a laser unit. Moreover, land levelling by laser method is done only every 4th year, whilst the other methods require annual levelling. [[File:Landlevelling Egypt.jpg|center|631px|Three alternatives for land levelling in Egypt - costs and net profit|alt=Three alternatives for land levelling in Egypt - costs and net profit]]
-The highest net profit can be obtained with precision laser levelling, but it is not commonly used. This can be due to a variety of factors: limited access to laser units (the few units available cannot be used all year round, but only during a limited period before planting rice or wheat); infrastructural problems (too narrow roads, too high water tables for the heavy machinery); or [[Water_Governance_and_Women|gender]] constraints. Other important issues are the relatively high costs compared to regular levelling (although they arise only once in four years) and the increase of costs per unit when used on small, individual plots of less than one feddan.
+The highest net profit can be obtained with precision laser levelling, but it is not commonly used. This can be due to a variety of factors: limited access to laser units (the few units available cannot be used all year round, but only during a limited period before planting rice or wheat); infrastructural problems (too narrow roads, too high water tables for the heavy machinery); or [[Water Governance and Women|gender]] constraints. Other important issues are the relatively high costs compared to regular levelling (although they arise only once in four years) and the increase of costs per unit when used on small, individual plots of less than one feddan.
 = References =
@@ Line 70: / Line 73: @@
 GIZ (2010): Training Manual for Agricultural Water Management Specialists: Executive Summary, Cairo
 [[Category:Enabling_Environment]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:36, 14 September 2016
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	GIZ (2010): Training Manual for Agricultural Water Management Specialists: Executive Summary, Cairo		GIZ (2010): Training Manual for Agricultural Water Management Specialists: Executive Summary, Cairo

−	~~[[Category:Enabling_Environment]]~~
	[[Category:Excellent]]		[[Category:Excellent]]
		+	[[Category:Enabling_Environment]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:42, 12 September 2016
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	GIZ (2010): Training Manual for Agricultural Water Management Specialists: Executive Summary, Cairo		GIZ (2010): Training Manual for Agricultural Water Management Specialists: Executive Summary, Cairo

−	~~__noeditsection__~~
−
−	~~[[Category:Excellent]]~~
	[[Category:Enabling_Environment]]		[[Category:Enabling_Environment]]
		+	[[Category:Excellent]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Land levelling is a measure used in surface irrigation, such as basin and furrow irrigation. It consists of:
 *preparing the irrigation plot in a way that no high and/or low spots disturb the uniform distribution of irrigation water on the field, and
@@ Line 12: / Line 11: @@
 = Effects and benefits of land levelling =
-The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI, see [[International organisations|International Organisations]]) provides the following data regarding the costs for land levelling during rice cultivation in Cambodia from 1996 - 1999. As shown in the table below, the total cost of levelling depends on the technology used.
+The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) provides the following data regarding the costs for land levelling during rice cultivation in Cambodia from 1996 - 1999. As shown in the table below, the total cost of levelling depends on the technology used.
 {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="center" style="width: 570px"
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 GIZ (2010): Training Manual for Agricultural Water Management Specialists: Executive Summary, Cairo
 [[Category:Enabling_Environment]]

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 = Effects and benefits of land levelling =
-The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI, see [[International_organisations|International Organisations]]) provides the following data regarding the costs for land levelling during rice cultivation in Cambodia from 1996 - 1999. As shown in the table below, the total cost of levelling depends on the technology used.
+The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI, see [[International organisations|International Organisations]]) provides the following data regarding the costs for land levelling during rice cultivation in Cambodia from 1996 - 1999. As shown in the table below, the total cost of levelling depends on the technology used.
-{| align="center" style="width: 570px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
+{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="center" style="width: 570px"
 |-
+|
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 |}
+<br/>
 In summary, the main benefits of levelling are:
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 In Egypt, the Egyptian-German Water Resource Management Reform Programme quantified the costs and benefits (in Egyptian Pound (LE) per feddan and year) of land levelling. As most farmers in Egypt do land levelling, the data did not compare plots where no levelling had been conducted. Highest yield increase and cost savings were achieved by using a laser unit. Moreover, land levelling by laser method is done only every 4th year, whilst the other methods require annual levelling. [[File:Landlevelling Egypt.jpg|center|631px|Three alternatives for land levelling in Egypt - costs and net profit|alt=Three alternatives for land levelling in Egypt - costs and net profit]]
-The highest net profit can be obtained with precision laser levelling, but it is not commonly used. This can be due to a variety of factors: limited access to laser units (the few units available cannot be used all year round, but only during a limited period before planting rice or wheat); infrastructural problems (too narrow roads, too high water tables for the heavy machinery); or gender constraints. Other important issues are the relatively high costs compared to regular levelling (although they arise only once in four years) and the increase of costs per unit when used on small, individual plots of less than one feddan.
+The highest net profit can be obtained with precision laser levelling, but it is not commonly used. This can be due to a variety of factors: limited access to laser units (the few units available cannot be used all year round, but only during a limited period before planting rice or wheat); infrastructural problems (too narrow roads, too high water tables for the heavy machinery); or [[Water_Governance_and_Women|gender]] constraints. Other important issues are the relatively high costs compared to regular levelling (although they arise only once in four years) and the increase of costs per unit when used on small, individual plots of less than one feddan.
 = References =
 FAO (1989): Guidelines for designing and evaluating surface irrigation systems.
-[[Guidebook_for_Extension_Training_in_Agricultural_Water_Management|GIZ/ Weber (2005): Guidebook for Extension Training in Agricultural Water Management, Module No.4. Cairo.]]
+[[Guidebook for Extension Training in Agricultural Water Management|GIZ/ Weber (2005): Guidebook for Extension Training in Agricultural Water Management, Module No.4. Cairo.]]
 = Links =
@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 GIZ (2010): Training Manual for Agricultural Water Management Specialists: Executive Summary, Cairo