Prosopis - Revision history

Stefan Eibisch: /* Further Reading */

2015-03-12T11:03:52Z

‎Further Reading

Stefan Eibisch: /* Furthr Reading */

2015-03-12T10:02:26Z

‎Furthr Reading

Kevin Smith: /* Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora */

2015-02-09T12:41:38Z

‎Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora

Kevin Smith: /* Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora */

2015-02-09T12:41:01Z

‎Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora

Kevin Smith: /* Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora */

2015-02-09T12:40:15Z

‎Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora

Kevin Smith: /* Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora */

2015-02-09T12:39:30Z

‎Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora

Kevin Smith: /* Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora */

2015-02-09T12:30:20Z

‎Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora

Kevin Smith: /* Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora */

2015-02-09T11:10:36Z

‎Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora

Kevin Smith at 11:09, 9 February 2015

2015-02-09T11:09:46Z

Show changes

Kevin Smith at 09:57, 9 February 2015

2015-02-09T09:57:05Z

@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 = References<br/> =
 <references />
 = Further Reading<br/> =
-[[The human dimensions of invasive|Binggelli, P. (2001), The human dimensions of invasive woody plants]]
+[[The human dimensions of invasive|Binggelli, P. (2001), The human dimensions of invasive woody plants]]<br/>[[The Ecological and Socio-economic Role of Prosopis juliflora in Eritrea|Bokrezion, H. (2008), The Ecological and Socio-economic Role of Prosopis juliflora in Eritrea]]<br/>[[Ethiopia-National Plan for Prosopis-3 February 2002|Felker, P. (2002), Ethiopia-National Plan for Prosopis]]<br/>[[Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen|Felker, P. (2003), Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen]]<br/>
 [[The Ecological and Socio-economic Role of Prosopis juliflora in Eritrea|Bokrezion, H. (2008), The Ecological and Socio-economic Role of Prosopis juliflora in Eritrea]]
 [[Ethiopia-National Plan for Prosopis-3 February 2002|Felker, P. (2002), Ethiopia-National Plan for Prosopis]]
 [[Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen|Felker, P. (2003), Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen]]<br/>

@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
-= Furthr Reading<br/> =
 [[The human dimensions of invasive|Binggelli, P. (2001), The human dimensions of invasive woody plants]]
 [[The Ecological and Socio-economic Role of Prosopis juliflora in Eritrea|Bokrezion, H. (2008), The Ecological and Socio-economic Role of Prosopis juliflora in Eritrea]]
 [[Ethiopia-National Plan for Prosopis-3 February 2002|Felker, P. (2002), Ethiopia-National Plan for Prosopis]]
 [[Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen|Felker, P. (2003), Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen]]<br/>

@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 [[Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen|Felker, P. (2003), Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen]]<br/>
@@ Line 116: / Line 117: @@
 The following link gives access to the conference presentations:
-[<span dir="auto">Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora for better (agro-)pastoral Livelihoods in the Horn of Africa|<span dir="auto">Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora for better (agro-)pastoral Livelihoods in the Horn of Africa</span></span>]<br/>
+[[Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora for better (agro-)pastoral Livelihoods in the Horn of Africa|<span dir="auto">Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora for better (agro-)pastoral Livelihoods in the Horn of Africa]]
 [http://thewaterchannel.tv/media-gallery/5870-prosopis-juliflora-in-afar-ethiopia-english http://thewaterchannel.tv/media-gallery/5870-prosopis-juliflora-in-afar-ethiopia-english]

@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 [[Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen|Felker, P. (2003), Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen]]<br/>
@@ Line 115: / Line 116: @@
 The following link gives access to the conference presentations:
-[Regional_Conference_on_Managing_Prosopis_Juliflora_for_better_(agro-)pastoral_Livelihoods_in_the_Horn_of_Africa|Regional_Conference_on_Managing_Prosopis_Juliflora_for_better_(agro-)pastoral_Livelihoods_in_the_Horn_of_Africa]<br/>
+[<span dir="auto">Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora for better (agro-)pastoral Livelihoods in the Horn of Africa|<span dir="auto">Regional Conference on Managing Prosopis Juliflora for better (agro-)pastoral Livelihoods in the Horn of Africa</span></span>]<br/>
 [http://thewaterchannel.tv/media-gallery/5870-prosopis-juliflora-in-afar-ethiopia-english http://thewaterchannel.tv/media-gallery/5870-prosopis-juliflora-in-afar-ethiopia-english]

@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 [[Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen|Felker, P. (2003), Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen]]<br/>
@@ Line 114: / Line 115: @@
 The following link gives access to the conference presentations:
-&#x5B;&#x5B;&#x5B;Regional_Conference_on_Managing_Prosopis_Juliflora_for_better_(agro-)pastoral_Livelihoods_in_the_Horn_of_Africa|Regional_Conference_on_Managing_Prosopis_Juliflora_for_better_(agro-)pastoral_Livelihoods_in_the_Horn_of_Africa&#x5D;&#x5D;]<br/>
+[Regional_Conference_on_Managing_Prosopis_Juliflora_for_better_(agro-)pastoral_Livelihoods_in_the_Horn_of_Africa|Regional_Conference_on_Managing_Prosopis_Juliflora_for_better_(agro-)pastoral_Livelihoods_in_the_Horn_of_Africa]<br/>
 [http://thewaterchannel.tv/media-gallery/5870-prosopis-juliflora-in-afar-ethiopia-english http://thewaterchannel.tv/media-gallery/5870-prosopis-juliflora-in-afar-ethiopia-english]

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:10, 9 February 2015
Line 95:		Line 95:

	[[Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen\|Felker, P. (2003), Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen]]<br/>		[[Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen\|Felker, P. (2003), Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen]]<br/>
		+

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ''Prosopis ''is a genus belonging to the botanical family of ''Fabaceae'', capable to bind atmospheric nitrogen and hence to contribute to soil fertility improvement. The genus comprises 44 species “of which 40 are native to the Americas” <ref name="Geesing et al. (n. d.)">D. Geesing, M. Al-Khawlani, M. L. Abba (n. d.): Management of introduced ''Prosopis'' species: can economic exploitation control an invasive species?” URL: [http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e11.htm http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e11.htm] </ref>. In Africa there are only two native ''Prosopis'' species: ''P. africana'' and ''P. farcta''.<ref name="Geesing et al. (n. d.)">D. Geesing, M. Al-Khawlani, M. L. Abba (n. d.): Management of introduced ''Prosopis'' species: can economic exploitation control an invasive species?” URL: [http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e11.htm http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e11.htm] </ref>. Most of ''Prosopis'' species, particularly ''P. juliflora'' and ''P. pallida'' (which are of concern in this regard) are fast-growing, very drought resistant and can stand saline soils easily. Due to their high coppicing ability they out-compete native species. Furthermore, they are equipped with several physical and chemical defence mechanisms (thorns, venom etc.) which make them very difficult to manage and unpalatable for animals. They are deep-rooting up to about 20 m and thus can reach water table <ref name="Geesing et al. (n. d.)">D. Geesing, M. Al-Khawlani, M. L. Abba (n. d.): Management of introduced ''Prosopis'' species: can economic exploitation control an invasive species?” URL: [http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e11.htm http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e11.htm] </ref>. Some ''Prosopis'' species are often mentioned as the strongest invaders: “[…] in particular ''P. juliflora'', ''P.glandulosa'',''P. pallida'',''P. chilensis'', ''P. flexuosa ''and''P. ruscifolia'' invade valuable farm- and rangeland and sometimes grow into impenetrable thickets, causing enormous ecological and economic damage as a result of competition with the native vegetation and with agricultural crops.” <ref name="Geesing et al. (n. d.)">D. Geesing, M. Al-Khawlani, M. L. Abba (n. d.): Management of introduced ''Prosopis'' species: can economic exploitation control an invasive species?” URL: [http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e11.htm http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e11.htm] </ref>. It is also assumed that similar species, in particular ''P. juliflora'' and ''P. pallida'', form hybrids which make the identification even more difficult.<br/>
-Encroachment of [[Invasive Alien Species|Invasive Alien Species (IAS)]] is a globally common phenomenon and often has detrimental effects on rural households in developing countries. Ethiopia in particular is affected by invasion of several species of ''Prosopis spp.''– predominantly ''P. juliflora'' – that have been growing out of control for already more than a decade <ref name="HDRA(2005)">HDRA (2005): Controlling the spread of ''Prosopis ''in Ethiopia by its utilization, URL: [http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/EthiopiaProsopisBrief.pdf http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/EthiopiaProsopisBrief.pdf] </ref>. The ecological consequences of this woody species encroachment have been devastating since rangeland areas are degraded and forage grass productivity has declined drastically as a result <ref name="Angassa et al.(2008)">Angassa, Ayana, Oba, Gufu (2008): Effects of management and time on mechanisms of bush encroachment in southern Ethiopia. In: African Journal of Ecology, Vol. 46, Iss. 2, pp. 186-196. URL: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00832.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00832.x] and Coppock, David Layne, ed. ''The Borana Plateau of Southern Ethiopia: Synthesis of pastoral research, development, and change, 1980-91''. Vol. 5.ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD), 1994.</div><div id="edn4"> </ref>. Besides impacts on the social fabric and rural livelihood systems, consequences also entail land degradation, which strongly influences the regional and national economic performance. So far, the economics of land degradation have mainly focused on general aspects such as soil erosion, salinisation or land use changes <ref name="Gerber (2012)">Gerber, Nicolas (2012): The Economics of Land Degradation and the Cost of Action versus Inaction, ZEF/ IFPRI </ref>.<br/>
+Encroachment of [[Invasive Alien Species|Invasive Alien Species (IAS)]] is a globally common phenomenon and often has detrimental effects on rural households in developing countries. Ethiopia in particular is affected by invasion of several species of ''Prosopis spp.''– predominantly ''P. juliflora'' – that have been growing out of control for already more than a decade <ref name="HDRA(2005)">HDRA (2005): Controlling the spread of ''Prosopis ''in Ethiopia by its utilization, URL: [http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/EthiopiaProsopisBrief.pdf http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/EthiopiaProsopisBrief.pdf] </ref>. The ecological consequences of this woody species encroachment have been devastating since rangeland areas are degraded and forage grass productivity has declined drastically as a result <ref name="Angassa et al.(2008)">Angassa, Ayana, Oba, Gufu (2008): Effects of management and time on mechanisms of bush encroachment in southern Ethiopia. In: African Journal of Ecology, Vol. 46, Iss. 2, pp. 186-196. URL: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00832.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00832.x] and Coppock, David Layne, ed. ''The Borana Plateau of Southern Ethiopia: Synthesis of pastoral research, development, and change, 1980-91''. Vol. 5.ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD), 1994</ref>. Besides impacts on the social fabric and rural livelihood systems, consequences also entail land degradation, which strongly influences the regional and national economic performance. So far, the economics of land degradation have mainly focused on general aspects such as soil erosion, salinisation or land use changes <ref name="Gerber (2012)">Gerber, Nicolas (2012): The Economics of Land Degradation and the Cost of Action versus Inaction, ZEF/ IFPRI </ref>.<br/>
-−
-<br/>
-−
-<br/>
-−
-<br/>
-−
-<br/>
-−
-<br/>
-−
 <br/>
 = ''Prosopis'' in Ethiopia<br/> =
 The spatial extension of ''Prosopis ''in Ethiopia is difficult to assess since it is expanding rapidly, up to 18% per year <ref name="Felker (2008)">Peter Felker (2008): personal communication cited in: Fiona Flintan (2008): Prosopis control and/ or utilization, URL: [http://www.disasterriskreduction.net/fileadmin/user_upload/drought/docs/ELMT_Good_Practice_Bibliography_Prosopis|http://www.disasterriskreduction.net/fileadmin/user_upload/drought/docs/ELMT_Good_Practice_Bibliography_Prosopis] </ref>. According to estimates of Ryan (2011), one million hectares (ha) are already covered by ''Prosopis'' in Ethiopia <ref name="Ryan(2011)">Ryan, F. (2011): US Forest Service Technical Assistance Trip to Ethiopia: Invasive Species Management: US Forest Service, cited in: Yibekal Abebe Tessema: Ecological and Economic Dimensions of the Paradoxical Invasive Species- Prosopis juliflora and Policy Challenges in Ethiopia. In: Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, Vol.3, No.8, 2012 </ref>, of which about 700,000 ha are located in the Afar Region. ''Prosopis'' rapidly spreads across both pastoral and agricultural lands leading to severe losses in ecological functions and, thus, to degradation. Other countries <ref name="Pasiecznik et al. (2001)">Pasiecznik, N.M. et al. (2001): The ''Prosopis juliflora''- ''Prosopis pallida ''Complex: A Monograph, HDRA Coventry UK </ref> such as South Africa, Niger, Yemen, Namibia and India are also threatened by environmental degradation through ''Prosopis'' as are surrounding areas in Eritrea, Somalia and Kenya.<br/>
@@ Line 42: / Line 18: @@
 ''Prosopis'' was introduced in the Afar Region in the early 1980s by the Ministry of Agriculture[[#_edn14|[14]]]. Its original purpose was to combat desertification around the large state-owned irrigated farms along the Awash River.[[#_edn15|[15]]] It began to spread invasively during the 1990s. A consecutive land use and land cover mapping based on digital satellite image classification gives reason to assume that the spreading of ''Prosopis'' coincides with the collapse of water control and irrigation systems after the overthrow of the socialist Derg regime.[[#_edn16|[16]]] Water, and especially the availability of subsurface ground water, is obviously one of the drivers of the invasion of ''Prosopis''.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 62: / Line 40: @@
 The reduction in herd sizes has repercussions on the livestock market in Ethiopia. Several factors have determined the low productivity of the livestock market in Ethiopia: civil war and violent conflict with other ethnic groups, disruption of established marketing and export systems by border conflicts with Eritrea, expansion of irrigated agriculture and large farms, poor access to the credit market, insecurity of land tenure, a land tenure system which does not allow any control in community land and recently the encroachment of invasive species, predominantly ''Prosopis'', which are deteriorating the quality and availability of pasture land considerably. Despite sophisticated traditional pasture management systems (splitting herds, migration, sharing resources etc.) the mobile herders are not able to control the invasion to rehabilitate and reuse their traditional grazing land. The market for livestock products and especially meat is growing in the country, especially in urban areas, and Ethiopia aims at increasing its livestock production to supply these markets. It is assumed that in the past, before the invasion of ''Prosopis'', pastoralists in the area could keep larger stocks, increasing both their income and resilience of their livelihood system.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 80: / Line 60: @@
 Table 1 shows in a comprised manner some results of research that has been carried out on the issue of ''Prosopis ''tackling the practical impact management.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 149: / Line 131: @@
 [[Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen|Felker, P. (2003), Management, Use and Control of Prosopis in Yemen]]<br/>
 <br/>