Small scale irrigation – Kenya - Revision history

Irena Irmler at 10:49, 20 February 2014

2014-02-20T10:49:04Z

Irena Irmler at 20:03, 19 February 2014

2014-02-19T20:03:45Z

Irena Irmler at 11:11, 28 March 2013

2013-03-28T11:11:50Z

Felix Zeiske: /* Financial services for small-scale irrigation */

2013-03-27T15:46:54Z

‎Financial services for small-scale irrigation

Felix Zeiske: /* Financial services for small-scale irrigation */

2013-03-27T15:46:19Z

‎Financial services for small-scale irrigation

Felix Zeiske: /* Additional informations */

2013-03-27T15:44:57Z

‎Additional informations

Felix Zeiske: /* Governmental irrigation development programs */

2013-03-27T15:44:45Z

‎Governmental irrigation development programs

Felix Zeiske at 15:43, 27 March 2013

2013-03-27T15:43:38Z

Felix Zeiske: /* Background */

2013-03-27T15:42:54Z

‎Background

Felix Zeiske at 15:32, 27 March 2013

2013-03-27T15:32:49Z

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 Kenya is depending on agriculture as 80% of the population lives in rural areas and the agricultural sector contributes 26% to the GDP. The country is facing a deepening poverty and food insecurity in around 50% of the households. The water availability in Kenya is scarce and in some areas the competition for water resources results in violent conflicts.
-Irrigation plays an important role in increasing food security and in bringing income to the farmers. As Kenya is divided into different agro-ecological zones, different farming areas ranging from high to medium potential areas, arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL) exist. The high potential areas in the central region north of Nairobi<ref>Catchments of the Tana, Athi and Ewaso Ng’iro rivers</ref> are characterized by high rainfall, permanent [[Riverbed_farming|river]] flows, and fertile soils. Commercial farming in that area is dominant. The use of low-cost small-scale irrigation technology is relatively widespread, and (financial) infrastructure and access to markets are relatively good developed In the medium and low potential areas low-cost small-scale irrigation technologies rarely exists, amongst others due to lack of irrigated areas and access to financial services.
+Irrigation plays an important role in increasing food security and in bringing income to the farmers. As Kenya is divided into different agro-ecological zones, different farming areas ranging from high to medium potential areas, [[Dryland_farming|arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL)]] exist. The high potential areas in the central region north of Nairobi<ref>Catchments of the Tana, Athi and Ewaso Ng’iro rivers</ref> are characterized by high rainfall, permanent [[Riverbed farming|river]] flows, and fertile soils. Commercial farming in that area is dominant. The use of low-cost small-scale irrigation technology is relatively widespread, and (financial) infrastructure and access to markets are relatively good developed In the medium and low potential areas low-cost small-scale irrigation technologies rarely exists, amongst others due to lack of irrigated areas and access to financial services.
 Financial services are rarely available for poor smallholder famers<ref>Usually irrigated an area of 1 to 5 hectares, are resource poor and depend on family work force; development potential depends on natural and economic conditions</ref>, as most of the financial institutions concentrate on financing input for crop production, lack of experience with small-scale farmers, and products are not adapted to requirements of small-scale farmers. On the other hand, smallholder farmers lack knowledge about financial institutions and available products, and are often biased towards them. However, financial services are available and the financial sector is one of the most developed and diversified in Sub-Saharan Africa. (GIZ, 2006).
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 <references />
 [[Category:Excellent]]

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 Kenya is depending on agriculture as 80% of the population lives in rural areas and the agricultural sector contributes 26% to the GDP. The country is facing a deepening poverty and food insecurity in around 50% of the households. The water availability in Kenya is scarce and in some areas the competition for water resources results in violent conflicts.
-Irrigation plays an important role in increasing food security and in bringing income to the farmers. As Kenya is divided into different agro-ecological zones, different farming areas ranging from high to medium potential areas, arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL) exist. The high potential areas in the central region north of Nairobi<ref>Catchments of the Tana, Athi and Ewaso Ng’iro rivers</ref> are characterized by high rainfall, permanent river flows, and fertile soils. Commercial farming in that area is dominant. The use of low-cost small-scale irrigation technology is relatively widespread, and (financial) infrastructure and access to markets are relatively good developed In the medium and low potential areas low-cost small-scale irrigation technologies rarely exists, amongst others due to lack of irrigated areas and access to financial services.
+Irrigation plays an important role in increasing food security and in bringing income to the farmers. As Kenya is divided into different agro-ecological zones, different farming areas ranging from high to medium potential areas, arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL) exist. The high potential areas in the central region north of Nairobi<ref>Catchments of the Tana, Athi and Ewaso Ng’iro rivers</ref> are characterized by high rainfall, permanent [[Riverbed_farming|river]] flows, and fertile soils. Commercial farming in that area is dominant. The use of low-cost small-scale irrigation technology is relatively widespread, and (financial) infrastructure and access to markets are relatively good developed In the medium and low potential areas low-cost small-scale irrigation technologies rarely exists, amongst others due to lack of irrigated areas and access to financial services.
 Financial services are rarely available for poor smallholder famers<ref>Usually irrigated an area of 1 to 5 hectares, are resource poor and depend on family work force; development potential depends on natural and economic conditions</ref>, as most of the financial institutions concentrate on financing input for crop production, lack of experience with small-scale farmers, and products are not adapted to requirements of small-scale farmers. On the other hand, smallholder farmers lack knowledge about financial institutions and available products, and are often biased towards them. However, financial services are available and the financial sector is one of the most developed and diversified in Sub-Saharan Africa. (GIZ, 2006).
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 <span lang="en-us">Different irrigation systems exist; ranging from intermediate technology systems to manually<br/>operated pump systems (see Table 1). </span><br/>
-{| style="width: 500px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5"
+{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="width: 500px"
 |-
+|
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 An overview of different level of irrigation technologies and investment needs are summarized in Table 2. Low-cost irrigation technology is mainly financed through savings and short-term loans, while medium-cost irrigation equipment (e.g. motorized pumps) requires savings in combination with loans.
-[[File:Comparison of costs and gross margins of small-scale irrigation technologies in Kenya.png|left|564px|Comparison of costs and gross margins of small-scale irrigation technologies in Kenya (source: GIZ, 2006).]]
+[[File:Comparison of costs and gross margins of small-scale irrigation technologies in Kenya.png|left|564px|Comparison of costs and gross margins of small-scale irrigation technologies in Kenya (source: GIZ, 2006).|alt=Comparison of costs and gross margins of small-scale irrigation technologies in Kenya (source: GIZ, 2006).]]
 = Financial services for small-scale irrigation =
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 <span lang="en-us">The financial sector in Kenya is one of the most developed in Sub-Sahara Africa. However, financial services for small-scale farmers are limited in most rural areas. Financial services with regard to agricultural purposes are available mainly for large estates and big agro-related businesses. Nevertheless, the situation has improved in the last years. Different financial institutions emerged and developed services for lower income costumers </span>(e.g. Equity Bank, K-Rep Bank and Family Finance Building Society, SACCOs<ref>Rural Savings and Credit Societies</ref>, NGO-Microfinance Institution). Currently, these institutions cover mainly the rural centers, cash crops areas and high potential areas, but are in expanding their services. Recently, financial institutions discovered as well the potential of products for small-scale farmers. However, the access to financial services especially in rural areas is very limited. Furthermore, financial products designed for specific needs of small-scale farmer are not existing and many farmers lack information about financial institutions. The existing financial services for small-scale agriculture lack experience with small-scale irrigation and horticultural farmers and are not adapted to the needs of these types of farmers. The available financial services concentrate on financing inputs for crop production. However, reliable information on how farmers finance their investments and costs are not available (GIZ, 2006). Financial services are needed for specific agricultural activities and therefore financial mechanisms require being in time and flexible. Especially short- to medium-term loans are required for small-scale irrigation farmers. Short-term loans, for e.g. input supply, are available from many institutions and as well agri-marketing businesses. The share of medium-term loans (usually up to 36 month), for e.g. irrigation system construction, is moderate. Long-term loans (> 5 years) are only available with some financial institutions that are supported by donors. Interest rates are around 16 to 24% per year. Lending of loans is either individually or in groups (e.g. NGO-Microfinance Institutions). Subsidized loans are offered by the parastatal Agricultural Finance Cooperation (AFC) with an interest rate of 10% per year. It is assumed that only a few small-scale irrigation farmers received loans. On the other hand, subsidized loans exist for gravity sprinkler community irrigation schemes with the support of donors. The majority of agricultural credit is offered by private sector players, like exporters, input suppliers or marketing cooperative societies, and not by financial intermediaries. (GIZ, 2006).
+{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="width: 500px"
-{| style="width: 500px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5"
 |-
+|
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 |}
+<br/>
 = Key factors for strengthening and up-scaling of financial services to small-scale irrigation farmers =
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 <references />

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 Financial services are rarely available for poor smallholder famers<ref>Usually irrigated an area of 1 to 5 hectares, are resource poor and depend on family work force; development potential depends on natural and economic conditions</ref>, as most of the financial institutions concentrate on financing input for crop production, lack of experience with small-scale farmers, and products are not adapted to requirements of small-scale farmers. On the other hand, smallholder farmers lack knowledge about financial institutions and available products, and are often biased towards them. However, financial services are available and the financial sector is one of the most developed and diversified in Sub-Saharan Africa. (GIZ, 2006).
 = Governmental irrigation development programs =
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 The governmental irrigation development programs are mainly focusing on small-scale farmers without excess to irrigation water. In the past the farmers were supported through “full initial investment” which nowadays was turned into a cost-sharing mechanism between the beneficiaries (GIZ, 2006).
 = Small-scale irrigation technologies =
@@ Line 49: / Line 44: @@
 An overview of different level of irrigation technologies and investment needs are summarized in Table 2. Low-cost irrigation technology is mainly financed through savings and short-term loans, while medium-cost irrigation equipment (e.g. motorized pumps) requires savings in combination with loans.
+[[File:Comparison of costs and gross margins of small-scale irrigation technologies in Kenya.png|left|564px|Comparison of costs and gross margins of small-scale irrigation technologies in Kenya (source: GIZ, 2006).]]
 = Financial services for small-scale irrigation =
@@ Line 55: / Line 50: @@
 <span lang="en-us">The financial sector in Kenya is one of the most developed in Sub-Sahara Africa. However, financial services for small-scale farmers are limited in most rural areas. Financial services with regard to agricultural purposes are available mainly for large estates and big agro-related businesses. Nevertheless, the situation has improved in the last years. Different financial institutions emerged and developed services for lower income costumers </span>(e.g. Equity Bank, K-Rep Bank and Family Finance Building Society, SACCOs<ref>Rural Savings and Credit Societies</ref>, NGO-Microfinance Institution). Currently, these institutions cover mainly the rural centers, cash crops areas and high potential areas, but are in expanding their services. Recently, financial institutions discovered as well the potential of products for small-scale farmers. However, the access to financial services especially in rural areas is very limited. Furthermore, financial products designed for specific needs of small-scale farmer are not existing and many farmers lack information about financial institutions. The existing financial services for small-scale agriculture lack experience with small-scale irrigation and horticultural farmers and are not adapted to the needs of these types of farmers. The available financial services concentrate on financing inputs for crop production. However, reliable information on how farmers finance their investments and costs are not available (GIZ, 2006). Financial services are needed for specific agricultural activities and therefore financial mechanisms require being in time and flexible. Especially short- to medium-term loans are required for small-scale irrigation farmers. Short-term loans, for e.g. input supply, are available from many institutions and as well agri-marketing businesses. The share of medium-term loans (usually up to 36 month), for e.g. irrigation system construction, is moderate. Long-term loans (> 5 years) are only available with some financial institutions that are supported by donors. Interest rates are around 16 to 24% per year. Lending of loans is either individually or in groups (e.g. NGO-Microfinance Institutions). Subsidized loans are offered by the parastatal Agricultural Finance Cooperation (AFC) with an interest rate of 10% per year. It is assumed that only a few small-scale irrigation farmers received loans. On the other hand, subsidized loans exist for gravity sprinkler community irrigation schemes with the support of donors. The majority of agricultural credit is offered by private sector players, like exporters, input suppliers or marketing cooperative societies, and not by financial intermediaries. (GIZ, 2006).
-<br/>
 {| style="width: 500px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5"
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 [http://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/IntegratedWater/IWMI/Documents/related_doucments/pdf/KenyaProceedings.pdf http://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/IntegratedWater/IWMI/Documents/related_doucments/pdf/KenyaProceedings.pdf] [Access 2012-12-10].
 = Additional informations =

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 An overview of different level of irrigation technologies and investment needs are summarized in Table 2. Low-cost irrigation technology is mainly financed through savings and short-term loans, while medium-cost irrigation equipment (e.g. motorized pumps) requires savings in combination with loans.
 = Financial services for small-scale irrigation =
-<span lang="en-us">The financial sector in Kenya is one of the most developed in Sub-Sahara Africa. However, financial services for small-scale farmers are limited in most rural areas. Financial services with regard to agricultural purposes are available mainly for large estates and big agro-related businesses. Nevertheless, the situation has improved in the last years. Different financial institutions emerged and developed services for lower income costumers </span>(e.g. Equity Bank, K-Rep Bank and Family Finance Building Society, SACCOs<ref>Rural Savings and Credit Societies</ref>, NGO-Microfinance Institution). Currently, these institutions cover mainly the rural centers, cash crops areas and high potential areas, but are in expanding their services. Recently, financial institutions discovered as well the potential of products for small-scale farmers. However, the access to financial services especially in rural areas is very limited. Furthermore, financial products designed for specific needs of small-scale farmer are not existing and many farmers lack information about financial institutions. The existing financial services for small-scale agriculture lack experience with small-scale irrigation and horticultural farmers and are not adapted to the needs of these types of farmers. The available financial services concentrate on financing inputs for crop production. However, reliable information on how farmers finance their investments and costs are not available (GIZ, 2006). &lt;/div&gt; Financial services are needed for specific agricultural activities and therefore financial mechanisms require being in time and flexible. Especially short- to medium-term loans are required for small-scale irrigation farmers. Short-term loans, for e.g. input supply, are available from many institutions and as well agri-marketing businesses. The share of medium-term loans (usually up to 36 month), for e.g. irrigation system construction, is moderate. Long-term loans (> 5 years) are only available with some financial institutions that are supported by donors. Interest rates are around 16 to 24% per year. Lending of loans is either individually or in groups (e.g. NGO-Microfinance Institutions). Subsidized loans are offered by the parastatal Agricultural Finance Cooperation (AFC) with an interest rate of 10% per year. It is assumed that only a few small-scale irrigation farmers received loans. On the other hand, subsidized loans exist for gravity sprinkler community irrigation schemes with the support of donors. The majority of agricultural credit is offered by private sector players, like exporters, input suppliers or marketing cooperative societies, and not by financial intermediaries. (GIZ, 2006).
+<span lang="en-us">The financial sector in Kenya is one of the most developed in Sub-Sahara Africa. However, financial services for small-scale farmers are limited in most rural areas. Financial services with regard to agricultural purposes are available mainly for large estates and big agro-related businesses. Nevertheless, the situation has improved in the last years. Different financial institutions emerged and developed services for lower income costumers </span>(e.g. Equity Bank, K-Rep Bank and Family Finance Building Society, SACCOs<ref>Rural Savings and Credit Societies</ref>, NGO-Microfinance Institution). Currently, these institutions cover mainly the rural centers, cash crops areas and high potential areas, but are in expanding their services. Recently, financial institutions discovered as well the potential of products for small-scale farmers. However, the access to financial services especially in rural areas is very limited. Furthermore, financial products designed for specific needs of small-scale farmer are not existing and many farmers lack information about financial institutions. The existing financial services for small-scale agriculture lack experience with small-scale irrigation and horticultural farmers and are not adapted to the needs of these types of farmers. The available financial services concentrate on financing inputs for crop production. However, reliable information on how farmers finance their investments and costs are not available (GIZ, 2006). Financial services are needed for specific agricultural activities and therefore financial mechanisms require being in time and flexible. Especially short- to medium-term loans are required for small-scale irrigation farmers. Short-term loans, for e.g. input supply, are available from many institutions and as well agri-marketing businesses. The share of medium-term loans (usually up to 36 month), for e.g. irrigation system construction, is moderate. Long-term loans (> 5 years) are only available with some financial institutions that are supported by donors. Interest rates are around 16 to 24% per year. Lending of loans is either individually or in groups (e.g. NGO-Microfinance Institutions). Subsidized loans are offered by the parastatal Agricultural Finance Cooperation (AFC) with an interest rate of 10% per year. It is assumed that only a few small-scale irrigation farmers received loans. On the other hand, subsidized loans exist for gravity sprinkler community irrigation schemes with the support of donors. The majority of agricultural credit is offered by private sector players, like exporters, input suppliers or marketing cooperative societies, and not by financial intermediaries. (GIZ, 2006).
 <br/>

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 An overview of different level of irrigation technologies and investment needs are summarized in Table 2. Low-cost irrigation technology is mainly financed through savings and short-term loans, while medium-cost irrigation equipment (e.g. motorized pumps) requires savings in combination with loans.
 = Financial services for small-scale irrigation =
-<span lang="en-us">The financial sector in Kenya is one of the most developed in Sub-Sahara Africa. However, financial services for small-scale farmers are limited in most rural areas. Financial services with regard to agricultural purposes are available mainly for large estates and big agro-related businesses. Nevertheless, the situation has improved in the last years. Different financial institutions emerged and developed services for lower income costumers </span>(e.g. Equity Bank, K-Rep Bank and Family Finance Building Society, SACCOs[http://agriwaterpedia.info/index.php?title=Small_scale_irrigation_–_Kenya&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg#_ftn1 [1]], NGO-Microfinance Institution). Currently, these institutions cover mainly the rural centers, cash crops areas and high potential areas, but are in expanding their services. Recently, financial institutions discovered as well the potential of products for small-scale farmers. However, the access to financial services especially in rural areas is very limited. Furthermore, financial products designed for specific needs of small-scale farmer are not existing and many farmers lack information about financial institutions. The existing financial services for small-scale agriculture lack experience with small-scale irrigation and horticultural farmers and are not adapted to the needs of these types of farmers. The available financial services concentrate on financing inputs for crop production. However, reliable information on how farmers finance their investments and costs are not available (GIZ, 2006).
+<span lang="en-us">The financial sector in Kenya is one of the most developed in Sub-Sahara Africa. However, financial services for small-scale farmers are limited in most rural areas. Financial services with regard to agricultural purposes are available mainly for large estates and big agro-related businesses. Nevertheless, the situation has improved in the last years. Different financial institutions emerged and developed services for lower income costumers </span>(e.g. Equity Bank, K-Rep Bank and Family Finance Building Society, SACCOs<ref>Rural Savings and Credit Societies</ref>, NGO-Microfinance Institution). Currently, these institutions cover mainly the rural centers, cash crops areas and high potential areas, but are in expanding their services. Recently, financial institutions discovered as well the potential of products for small-scale farmers. However, the access to financial services especially in rural areas is very limited. Furthermore, financial products designed for specific needs of small-scale farmer are not existing and many farmers lack information about financial institutions. The existing financial services for small-scale agriculture lack experience with small-scale irrigation and horticultural farmers and are not adapted to the needs of these types of farmers. The available financial services concentrate on financing inputs for crop production. However, reliable information on how farmers finance their investments and costs are not available (GIZ, 2006). &lt;/div&gt; Financial services are needed for specific agricultural activities and therefore financial mechanisms require being in time and flexible. Especially short- to medium-term loans are required for small-scale irrigation farmers. Short-term loans, for e.g. input supply, are available from many institutions and as well agri-marketing businesses. The share of medium-term loans (usually up to 36 month), for e.g. irrigation system construction, is moderate. Long-term loans (> 5 years) are only available with some financial institutions that are supported by donors. Interest rates are around 16 to 24% per year. Lending of loans is either individually or in groups (e.g. NGO-Microfinance Institutions). Subsidized loans are offered by the parastatal Agricultural Finance Cooperation (AFC) with an interest rate of 10% per year. It is assumed that only a few small-scale irrigation farmers received loans. On the other hand, subsidized loans exist for gravity sprinkler community irrigation schemes with the support of donors. The majority of agricultural credit is offered by private sector players, like exporters, input suppliers or marketing cooperative societies, and not by financial intermediaries. (GIZ, 2006).
-</div>
 Financial services are needed for specific agricultural activities and therefore financial mechanisms require being in time and flexible. Especially short- to medium-term loans are required for small-scale irrigation farmers. Short-term loans, for e.g. input supply, are available from many institutions and as well agri-marketing businesses. The share of medium-term loans (usually up to 36 month), for e.g. irrigation system construction, is moderate. Long-term loans (> 5 years) are only available with some financial institutions that are supported by donors. Interest rates are around 16 to 24% per year. Lending of loans is either individually or in groups (e.g. NGO-Microfinance Institutions). Subsidized loans are offered by the parastatal Agricultural Finance Cooperation (AFC) with an interest rate of 10% per year. It is assumed that only a few small-scale irrigation farmers received loans. On the other hand, subsidized loans exist for gravity sprinkler community irrigation schemes with the support of donors. The majority of agricultural credit is offered by private sector players, like exporters, input suppliers or marketing cooperative societies, and not by financial intermediaries. (GIZ, 2006).
 <br/>
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 <br/>
 = Key factors for strengthening and up-scaling of financial services to small-scale irrigation farmers =

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:44, 27 March 2013
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	= Additional informations =		= Additional informations =

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 <br/>
 = Governmental irrigation development programs =
-The first irrigation development projects were undertaken in the colonial era with the establishment of larges schemes with the objective to settle landless population. Small-scale irrigation[http://agriwaterpedia.info/index.php?title=Small_scale_irrigation_–_Kenya&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg&section=1#_ftn1 [1]] was put into focus in the 1970s. Water user groups or Water User Associations (WUA) were established for organizing these schemes. Supporting governmental entities are the Irrigation and Drainage Branch (IDB) of the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Rural Development Authorities (RDA). In the late 1980s the private sector started involving in horticultural marketing and exports with participation of small-scale farmers and was rapidly growing (Neubert et.al, 2007).
+The first irrigation development projects were undertaken in the colonial era with the establishment of larges schemes with the objective to settle landless population. Small-scale irrigation<ref>Farmers mostly own the land and irrigated an area of 20 to 200ha.</ref> was put into focus in the 1970s. Water user groups or Water User Associations (WUA) were established for organizing these schemes. Supporting governmental entities are the Irrigation and Drainage Branch (IDB) of the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Rural Development Authorities (RDA). In the late 1980s the private sector started involving in horticultural marketing and exports with participation of small-scale farmers and was rapidly growing (Neubert et.al, 2007).
 The governmental irrigation development programs are mainly focusing on small-scale farmers without excess to irrigation water. In the past the farmers were supported through “full initial investment” which nowadays was turned into a cost-sharing mechanism between the beneficiaries (GIZ, 2006).
-<div>
+<div></div>
 = Small-scale irrigation technologies =

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 |}
+<br/>
 = Key factors for strengthening and up-scaling of financial services to small-scale irrigation farmers =
 <ul>
-<li>Improving information and commitment of financial service providers </li>
+<li>Improving information and commitment of financial service providers</li>
 <li>Enhancing the range of financial products
 <ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
 <li>Client-orientation and increasing knowledge of the small-scale irrigation sector</li>
 <li>Expanding delivery channels and lending methodologies (individual and group lending)</li>
-<li>Enhancing loan collateral </li>
+<li>Enhancing loan collateral</li>
 <li>Providing standard financial products (e.g. flexible short term loans for low- and medium-cost irrigations technologies and irrigation systems; deposit facilities)</li>
 <li>Developing of adapted financial products (e.g. microleasing; wholesale lending; non-credit financial services)</li>
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 </ul>
 (source: GIZ, 2006).