Surface water, groundwater - Revision history

Avinash Kumar at 11:49, 21 July 2016

2016-07-21T11:49:14Z

Avinash Kumar at 11:48, 21 July 2016

2016-07-21T11:48:50Z

Avinash Kumar at 11:47, 21 July 2016

2016-07-21T11:47:14Z

Avinash Kumar at 09:14, 27 May 2016

2016-05-27T09:14:40Z

Christoph Wagener: /* Groundwater recharge */

2014-03-11T13:58:28Z

‎Groundwater recharge

Christoph Wagener: /* General aspects */

2014-03-11T13:57:25Z

‎General aspects

Christoph Wagener: /* General aspects */

2014-03-06T11:38:29Z

‎General aspects

Larissa Leben at 18:23, 6 January 2014

2014-01-06T18:23:26Z

Irena Irmler at 18:46, 29 December 2013

2013-12-29T18:46:55Z

Show changes

Larissa Leben: /* Groundwater and agriculture */

2013-12-25T22:58:17Z

‎Groundwater and agriculture

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Serving most of life's needs, surface water makes up only around 1.2% of the earth's total freshwater amount (being only 2.5% of all earth's water). Groundwater makes up around 30.1% of all freshwater. </font>The following figure (left on the page) illustrates the composition of the total global water in percentages.
-'''<span style="color:#008000">FIGURE</span> '''<span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html The Earth's Water] <span style="color:#008000"></span><span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>''('''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">accessed 2013-11-06)</span></font>'''''
+'''<span style="color:#008000">FIGURE</span> '''<span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html The Earth's Water] <span style="color:#008000"></span><span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>''('''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">accessed 2013-11-06)</span></font>'''''
 == Surface water ==
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 <br/>
-<p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Precipitation'''</font></font> '''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. This can be drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail, as main forms.<ref>"Precipitation". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-02</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Evaporation'''</font></font>'''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is the vaporation of water from land or from the water surface.<ref>H. Häckel: Meteorologie. UTB 1338. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1999 (4. Aufl.)</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">When the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess, the water from rain, meltwater or other sources flows over the land, which is then called</span></font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''runoff'''.</font></font>''</span><ref>Keith Beven, Robert E. Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes, Hydrological Processes, Wiley Intersciences DOI 10:1002 hyp 5740 (2004)</ref><br/></p><div id="sdfootnote2" dir="LTR">
+<p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Precipitation'''</font></font> '''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. This can be drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail, as main forms.<ref>"Precipitation". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-02</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Evaporation'''</font></font>'''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is the vaporation of water from land or from the water surface.<ref>H. Häckel: Meteorologie. UTB 1338. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1999 (4. Aufl.)</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">When the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess, the water from rain, meltwater or other sources flows over the land, which is then called</span></font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''runoff'''.</font></font>''</span><ref>Keith Beven, Robert E. Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes, Hydrological Processes, Wiley Intersciences DOI 10:1002 hyp 5740 (2004)</ref><br/></p><div dir="LTR" id="sdfootnote2">
 <br/>
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 '''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">[[Artificial recharge of groundwater|The replenishment]] of groundwater can occur through rain, snow and surface waters. The recharge rate varies tremendously from place to place</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">due to a different</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">geology and climate of all the coun</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">tries</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Depending of aquifer size and type, the recharge rate determines the extent to which groundwater withdrawl happens in a sustainable scale.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">The biggest areas with the highest</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">recharge rates occur in Indonesia, in Papua New Guinea, in the Democratic Rebublic of the Congo and in the Amazonas region.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Regions with the lowest recharge rates are the areas of Nevada, the Sahara, Yemen, Oman, parts of Saudi Arabia, and parts of East China.</span></span></font>'''<br/>
-<span style="color:#008000">'''FIGURE'''</span> [http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/feature_groundwater_inline_map1_large.jpg Groundwater recharge in the world]''<span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>(accessed 2013-12-16)''<br/>
+<span style="color:#008000">'''FIGURE'''</span> [http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/feature_groundwater_inline_map1_large.jpg Groundwater recharge in the world]''<span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>(accessed 2013-12-16)''<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 <references /> __noeditsection__
 [[Category:Surface_Water_Management]]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Serving most of life's needs, surface water makes up only around 1.2% of the earth's total freshwater amount (being only 2.5% of all earth's water). Groundwater makes up around 30.1% of all freshwater. </font>The following figure (left on the page) illustrates the composition of the total global water in percentages.
-'''<span style="color:#008000">FIGURE</span> '''<span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html The Earth's Water] <span style="color:#008000"></span><span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>''('''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">accessed 2013-11-06)</span></font>'''''
+'''<span style="color:#008000">FIGURE</span> '''<span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html The Earth's Water] <span style="color:#008000"></span><span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>''('''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">accessed 2013-11-06)</span></font>'''''
 == Surface water ==
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 <br/>
-<p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Precipitation'''</font></font> '''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. This can be drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail, as main forms.<ref>"Precipitation". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-02</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Evaporation'''</font></font>'''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is the vaporation of water from land or from the water surface.<ref>H. Häckel: Meteorologie. UTB 1338. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1999 (4. Aufl.)</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">When the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess, the water from rain, meltwater or other sources flows over the land, which is then called</span></font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''runoff'''.</font></font>''</span><ref>Keith Beven, Robert E. Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes, Hydrological Processes, Wiley Intersciences DOI 10:1002 hyp 5740 (2004)</ref><br/></p><div dir="LTR" id="sdfootnote2">
+<p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Precipitation'''</font></font> '''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. This can be drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail, as main forms.<ref>"Precipitation". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-02</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Evaporation'''</font></font>'''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is the vaporation of water from land or from the water surface.<ref>H. Häckel: Meteorologie. UTB 1338. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1999 (4. Aufl.)</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">When the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess, the water from rain, meltwater or other sources flows over the land, which is then called</span></font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''runoff'''.</font></font>''</span><ref>Keith Beven, Robert E. Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes, Hydrological Processes, Wiley Intersciences DOI 10:1002 hyp 5740 (2004)</ref><br/></p><div id="sdfootnote2" dir="LTR">
 <br/>
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 '''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">[[Artificial recharge of groundwater|The replenishment]] of groundwater can occur through rain, snow and surface waters. The recharge rate varies tremendously from place to place</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">due to a different</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">geology and climate of all the coun</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">tries</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Depending of aquifer size and type, the recharge rate determines the extent to which groundwater withdrawl happens in a sustainable scale.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">The biggest areas with the highest</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">recharge rates occur in Indonesia, in Papua New Guinea, in the Democratic Rebublic of the Congo and in the Amazonas region.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Regions with the lowest recharge rates are the areas of Nevada, the Sahara, Yemen, Oman, parts of Saudi Arabia, and parts of East China.</span></span></font>'''<br/>
-<span style="color:#008000">'''FIGURE'''</span> [http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/feature_groundwater_inline_map1_large.jpg Groundwater recharge in the world]''<span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>(accessed 2013-12-16)''<br/>
+<span style="color:#008000">'''FIGURE'''</span> [http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/feature_groundwater_inline_map1_large.jpg Groundwater recharge in the world]''<span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>(accessed 2013-12-16)''<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 119: / Line 119: @@
 = References =
-<references />
+<references /> __noeditsection__
 __noeditsection__
 [[Category:Resource_Management]]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Serving most of life's needs, surface water makes up only around 1.2% of the earth's total freshwater amount (being only 2.5% of all earth's water). Groundwater makes up around 30.1% of all freshwater. </font>The following figure (left on the page) illustrates the composition of the total global water in percentages.
-'''<span style="color:#008000">FIGURE</span> '''<span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html The Earth's Water] <span style="color:#008000"></span><span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>''('''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">accessed 2013-11-06)</span></font>'''''
+'''<span style="color:#008000">FIGURE</span> '''<span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html The Earth's Water] <span style="color:#008000"></span><span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>''('''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">accessed 2013-11-06)</span></font>'''''
 == Surface water ==
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 <br/>
-<p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Precipitation'''</font></font> '''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. This can be drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail, as main forms.<ref>"Precipitation". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-02</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Evaporation'''</font></font>'''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is the vaporation of water from land or from the water surface.<ref>H. Häckel: Meteorologie. UTB 1338. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1999 (4. Aufl.)</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">When the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess, the water from rain, meltwater or other sources flows over the land, which is then called</span></font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''runoff'''.</font></font>''</span><ref>Keith Beven, Robert E. Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes, Hydrological Processes, Wiley Intersciences DOI 10:1002 hyp 5740 (2004)</ref><br/></p><div id="sdfootnote2" dir="LTR">
+<p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Precipitation'''</font></font> '''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. This can be drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail, as main forms.<ref>"Precipitation". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-02</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Evaporation'''</font></font>'''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is the vaporation of water from land or from the water surface.<ref>H. Häckel: Meteorologie. UTB 1338. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1999 (4. Aufl.)</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">When the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess, the water from rain, meltwater or other sources flows over the land, which is then called</span></font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''runoff'''.</font></font>''</span><ref>Keith Beven, Robert E. Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes, Hydrological Processes, Wiley Intersciences DOI 10:1002 hyp 5740 (2004)</ref><br/></p><div dir="LTR" id="sdfootnote2">
 <br/>
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 '''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">[[Artificial recharge of groundwater|The replenishment]] of groundwater can occur through rain, snow and surface waters. The recharge rate varies tremendously from place to place</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">due to a different</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">geology and climate of all the coun</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">tries</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Depending of aquifer size and type, the recharge rate determines the extent to which groundwater withdrawl happens in a sustainable scale.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">The biggest areas with the highest</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">recharge rates occur in Indonesia, in Papua New Guinea, in the Democratic Rebublic of the Congo and in the Amazonas region.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Regions with the lowest recharge rates are the areas of Nevada, the Sahara, Yemen, Oman, parts of Saudi Arabia, and parts of East China.</span></span></font>'''<br/>
-<span style="color:#008000">'''FIGURE'''</span> [http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/feature_groundwater_inline_map1_large.jpg Groundwater recharge in the world]''<span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>(accessed 2013-12-16)''<br/>
+<span style="color:#008000">'''FIGURE'''</span> [http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/feature_groundwater_inline_map1_large.jpg Groundwater recharge in the world]''<span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>(accessed 2013-12-16)''<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Water_Security]]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Serving most of life's needs, surface water makes up only around 1.2% of the earth's total freshwater amount (being only 2.5% of all earth's water). Groundwater makes up around 30.1% of all freshwater. </font>The following figure (left on the page) illustrates the composition of the total global water in percentages.
-'''<span style="color:#008000">FIGURE</span> '''<span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html The Earth's Water] <span style="color:#008000"></span><span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>''('''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">accessed 2013-11-06)</span></font>'''''
+'''<span style="color:#008000">FIGURE</span> '''<span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html The Earth's Water] <span style="color:#008000"></span><span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>''('''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">accessed 2013-11-06)</span></font>'''''
 == Surface water ==
 === General aspects ===
-<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Surface water is the name given to any [[Sources_of_water|type of natural water]] on ground level that is, compared to groundwater, naturally <span style="font-weight: normal">open to the atmosphere</span> such as: rivers, lakes, seas, wetlands, streams, and oceans.</font>
+<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Surface water is the name given to any [[Sources of water|type of natural water]] on ground level that is, compared to groundwater, naturally <span style="font-weight: normal">open to the atmosphere</span> such as: rivers, lakes, seas, wetlands, streams, and oceans.</font>
 <br/>
@@ Line 39: / Line 38: @@
 <br/>
 === Global distribution of surface water ===
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 <br/>
-<p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Precipitation'''</font></font> '''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. This can be drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail, as main forms.<ref>"Precipitation". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-02</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Evaporation'''</font></font>'''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is the vaporation of water from land or from the water surface.<ref>H. Häckel: Meteorologie. UTB 1338. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1999 (4. Aufl.)</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">When the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess, the water from rain, meltwater or other sources flows over the land, which is then called</span></font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''runoff'''.</font></font>''</span><ref>Keith Beven, Robert E. Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes, Hydrological Processes, Wiley Intersciences DOI 10:1002 hyp 5740 (2004)</ref><br/></p><div dir="LTR" id="sdfootnote2">
+<p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Precipitation'''</font></font> '''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. This can be drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail, as main forms.<ref>"Precipitation". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-02</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Evaporation'''</font></font>'''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">is the vaporation of water from land or from the water surface.<ref>H. Häckel: Meteorologie. UTB 1338. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1999 (4. Aufl.)</ref></span></font></font>'''''</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: right"><span style="color:#008000">''<font color="#008000"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">When the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess, the water from rain, meltwater or other sources flows over the land, which is then called</span></font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''runoff'''.</font></font>''</span><ref>Keith Beven, Robert E. Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes, Hydrological Processes, Wiley Intersciences DOI 10:1002 hyp 5740 (2004)</ref><br/></p><div id="sdfootnote2" dir="LTR">
 <br/>
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 A '''non-point source''' is any source of water pollution that does not meet the legal definition of "point source" in section 502(14) of the Clean Water Act. Examples for non-point sources are:<br/>
 *Excess fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides from agricultural lands and residential areas
 *Oil, grease and toxic chemicals from urban runoff and energy production<br/>
@@ Line 73: / Line 74: @@
 = Groundwater<br/> =
 == General aspects<br/> ==
-[[Artificial_recharge_of_groundwater|Groundwater]] represents one of the most important resources for drinking water for human consumption. Worldwide 2.5 billion people are solely dependend on groundwater to satisfy their daily needs for water.<ref>UNESCO (2012) News 31.05.2012 URL: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/single-view-fresh-water/news/worlds_groundwater_resources_are_suffering_from_poor_governance_experts_say/#.UqjsvyeotF4 [accessed 11.12.2013]</ref> With withdrawl rates of currently 982 km3/year (estimated) groundwater is the most extracted raw material in the whole world.<ref>Margat, J., and J. van der Gun (2013) Groundwater around the World, CRC Press/Balkema</ref> Groundwater can be seen as a natural water storage and can be a buffer against shortages of surface water, such as during times of drought. <ref>Anrew J. Elmore, Sara J. Manning, John F. Mustard, Joseph M. Craine (2006) Decline in alkali meadow vegetation cover in California: the effects of groundwater extraction and drought. Journal of Applied Ecology 43 (4), 770–779.</ref> About 38 % of the worldwide irrigated lands are irrigated with groundwater.<ref>Siebert, S., et al. (2010) Groundwater use for irrigation. Hydrology and Earth Systems Science, 14, 1863–1880. www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/14/1863/2010/doi:10.5194/hess-14-1863-2010</ref><br/>
+[[Artificial recharge of groundwater|Groundwater]] represents one of the most important resources for drinking water for human consumption. Worldwide 2.5 billion people are solely dependend on groundwater to satisfy their daily needs for water.<ref>UNESCO (2012) News 31.05.2012 URL: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/single-view-fresh-water/news/worlds_groundwater_resources_are_suffering_from_poor_governance_experts_say/#.UqjsvyeotF4 [accessed 11.12.2013]</ref> With withdrawl rates of currently 982 km3/year (estimated) groundwater is the most extracted raw material in the whole world.<ref>Margat, J., and J. van der Gun (2013) Groundwater around the World, CRC Press/Balkema</ref> Groundwater can be seen as a natural water storage and can be a buffer against shortages of surface water, such as during times of drought. <ref>Anrew J. Elmore, Sara J. Manning, John F. Mustard, Joseph M. Craine (2006) Decline in alkali meadow vegetation cover in California: the effects of groundwater extraction and drought. Journal of Applied Ecology 43 (4), 770–779.</ref> About 38&nbsp;% of the worldwide irrigated lands are irrigated with groundwater.<ref>Siebert, S., et al. (2010) Groundwater use for irrigation. Hydrology and Earth Systems Science, 14, 1863–1880. www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/14/1863/2010/doi:10.5194/hess-14-1863-2010</ref><br/>
 == Origin<br/> ==
@@ Line 96: / Line 97: @@
 <span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">'''<span style="color:#008000">FIGURE</span>'''</span> </span>[http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/feature_groundwater_inline_map2_large.jpg Global groundwater resources, aquifers]''(accessed 2013-12-16)''<br/>
 == Groundwater recharge<br/> ==
-'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">[[Artificial_recharge_of_groundwater|The replenishment]] of groundwater can occur through rain, snow and surface waters. The recharge rate varies tremendously from place to place</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">due to a different</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">geology and climate of all the coun</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">tries</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Depending of aquifer size and type, the recharge rate determines the extent to which groundwater withdrawl happens in a sustainable scale.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">The biggest areas with the highest</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">recharge rates occur in Indonesia, in Papua New Guinea, in the Democratic Rebublic of the Congo and in the Amazonas region.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Regions with the lowest recharge rates are the areas of Nevada, the Sahara, Yemen, Oman, parts of Saudi Arabia, and parts of East China.</span></span></font>'''<br/>
+'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">[[Artificial recharge of groundwater|The replenishment]] of groundwater can occur through rain, snow and surface waters. The recharge rate varies tremendously from place to place</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">due to a different</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">geology and climate of all the coun</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">tries</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Depending of aquifer size and type, the recharge rate determines the extent to which groundwater withdrawl happens in a sustainable scale.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">The biggest areas with the highest</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">recharge rates occur in Indonesia, in Papua New Guinea, in the Democratic Rebublic of the Congo and in the Amazonas region.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Regions with the lowest recharge rates are the areas of Nevada, the Sahara, Yemen, Oman, parts of Saudi Arabia, and parts of East China.</span></span></font>'''<br/>
-<span style="color:#008000">'''FIGURE'''</span> [http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/feature_groundwater_inline_map1_large.jpg Groundwater recharge in the world]''<span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>(accessed 2013-12-16)''<br/>
+<span style="color:#008000">'''FIGURE'''</span> [http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/feature_groundwater_inline_map1_large.jpg Groundwater recharge in the world]''<span data-cke-bookmark="1" style="display: none"></span>(accessed 2013-12-16)''<br/>
 == Groundwater pollution<br/> ==
@@ Line 110: / Line 113: @@
 == Groundwater and agriculture<br/> ==
-Agriculture is responsible for up to 60% of withdrawn groundwater whereas the remaining 40 % can be almost equally divided between the industrial and domestic sectors.<ref>Vrba, J., and J. van der Gun. 2004. The World’s Groundwater Resources, http://www.un-igrac.org/dynamics/modules/SFIL0100/view.php?fil_Id=126</ref> Poor drainage of soil can lead to rising water tables which come to the surface in low-lying areas. Those can result in major land degradation problems of water logging and soil salinity and increasing levels of salt in surface waters.<ref>Agricultural Drainage Criteria. Oosterbaan, On website www.waterlog.info, Chapter 17 in: H.P.Ritzema (Ed.), Drainage Principles and Applications. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement ( ILRI), Publication 16, second revised edition, 1994, Wageningen, The Netherlands. ISBN 90 70754 3 39 [accessed 2013-12-12]</ref> Consequently, this causes major damage to economies and environments of the places where this occurs.<ref>Ludwig, D.; Hilborn, R.; Walters, C. (1993). "Uncertainty, Resource Exploitation, and Conservation: Lessons from History". Science 260 (5104): 17–36.</ref> The following figure shows that, due to agricultural use, about 20% of the world's aquifers are being overpumped.<br/>
+Agriculture is responsible for up to 60% of withdrawn groundwater whereas the remaining 40&nbsp;% can be almost equally divided between the industrial and domestic sectors.<ref>Vrba, J., and J. van der Gun. 2004. The World’s Groundwater Resources, http://www.un-igrac.org/dynamics/modules/SFIL0100/view.php?fil_Id=126</ref> Poor drainage of soil can lead to rising water tables which come to the surface in low-lying areas. Those can result in major land degradation problems of water logging and soil salinity and increasing levels of salt in surface waters.<ref>Agricultural Drainage Criteria. Oosterbaan, On website www.waterlog.info, Chapter 17 in: H.P.Ritzema (Ed.), Drainage Principles and Applications. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement ( ILRI), Publication 16, second revised edition, 1994, Wageningen, The Netherlands. ISBN 90 70754 3 39 [accessed 2013-12-12]</ref> Consequently, this causes major damage to economies and environments of the places where this occurs.<ref>Ludwig, D.; Hilborn, R.; Walters, C. (1993). "Uncertainty, Resource Exploitation, and Conservation: Lessons from History". Science 260 (5104): 17–36.</ref> The following figure shows that, due to agricultural use, about 20% of the world's aquifers are being overpumped.<br/>
 <span style="color:#008000">'''FIGURE'''</span> [http://www.nature.com/news/demand-for-water-outstrips-supply-1.11143 Groundwater stress in the world] ''(accessed 2013-12-16)''
@@ Line 119: / Line 122: @@
 [[Category:Resource_Management]]

@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 <span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">'''<span style="color:#008000">FIGURE</span>'''</span> </span>[http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/feature_groundwater_inline_map2_large.jpg Global groundwater resources, aquifers]''(accessed 2013-12-16)''<br/>
 == Groundwater recharge<br/> ==
-'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">The replenishment of groundwater can occur through rain, snow and surface waters. The recharge rate varies tremendously from place to place</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">due to a different</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">geology and climate of all the coun</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">tries</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Depending of aquifer size and type, the recharge rate determines the extent to which groundwater withdrawl happens in a sustainable scale.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">The biggest areas with the highest</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">recharge rates occur in Indonesia, in Papua New Guinea, in the Democratic Rebublic of the Congo and in the Amazonas region.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Regions with the lowest recharge rates are the areas of Nevada, the Sahara, Yemen, Oman, parts of Saudi Arabia, and parts of East China.</span></span></font>'''<br/>
+'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">[[Artificial_recharge_of_groundwater|The replenishment]] of groundwater can occur through rain, snow and surface waters. The recharge rate varies tremendously from place to place</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">due to a different</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">geology and climate of all the coun</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">tries</span></span></font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Depending of aquifer size and type, the recharge rate determines the extent to which groundwater withdrawl happens in a sustainable scale.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">The biggest areas with the highest</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">recharge rates occur in Indonesia, in Papua New Guinea, in the Democratic Rebublic of the Congo and in the Amazonas region.</span></span></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Regions with the lowest recharge rates are the areas of Nevada, the Sahara, Yemen, Oman, parts of Saudi Arabia, and parts of East China.</span></span></font>'''<br/>
 <span style="color:#008000">'''FIGURE'''</span> [http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/feature_groundwater_inline_map1_large.jpg Groundwater recharge in the world]''<span style="display: none" data-cke-bookmark="1"></span>(accessed 2013-12-16)''<br/>
 == Groundwater pollution<br/> ==