The water footprint of coffee - Revision history

Avinash Kumar at 09:15, 27 May 2016

2016-05-27T09:15:31Z

Christoph Wagener at 13:26, 11 March 2014

2014-03-11T13:26:44Z

Irena Irmler at 13:28, 20 February 2014

2014-02-20T13:28:09Z

Irena Irmler at 12:42, 13 January 2014

2014-01-13T12:42:58Z

Irena Irmler at 12:40, 13 January 2014

2014-01-13T12:40:30Z

Eszter Hegyi at 22:40, 30 December 2013

2013-12-30T22:40:23Z

Eszter Hegyi at 22:37, 30 December 2013

2013-12-30T22:37:41Z

Eszter Hegyi: Eszter Hegyi moved page Coffee to The water footprint of coffee: The previous title did not adequately indicated the content of the submitted article

2013-12-30T22:23:51Z

Eszter Hegyi moved page Coffee to The water footprint of coffee: The previous title did not adequately indicated the content of the submitted article

Eszter Hegyi at 21:36, 30 December 2013

2013-12-30T21:36:25Z

Eszter Hegyi: /* Case Study – Uganda */

2013-12-30T21:28:42Z

‎Case Study – Uganda

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-Coffee is the most widely traded agricultural commodity in the world, with 2.25 billion cups of coffee consumed globally every day (Pendergrast, 2000). Compared to other agricultural commodities, coffee production and procession requires relatively low amount of water. However coffee trade involves significant [[Virtual_water_and_water_footprint|virtual water]] exchange: coffee beans are exported from often water scarce producing countries in the Global South to be then roasted, served and consumed mainly in Europe and the U.S.<br/>
+Coffee is the most widely traded agricultural commodity in the world, with 2.25 billion cups of coffee consumed globally every day (Pendergrast, 2000). Compared to other agricultural commodities, coffee production and procession requires relatively low amount of water. However coffee trade involves significant [[Virtual water and water footprint|virtual water]] exchange: coffee beans are exported from often water scarce producing countries in the Global South to be then roasted, served and consumed mainly in Europe and the U.S.<br/>
 == Background ==
-According to Chapagain and Hoekstra (2007), drinking one standard cup of coffee in the Netherlands requires approximately 140 litres of water, by far the largest part for growing the coffee plant. This large amount of [[Sources_of_water#Green_water|green water]] need of the plant might be problematic in many of the coffee producing and exporting countries which are particularly prone to climate change and to increasingly unpredictable rainfall patterns. While the coffee production and yields differ from country to country, GTZ (2002 cited in Chapagain and Hoekstra, 2007) estimates that water needed to produce 1 ton of raw coffee cherry ranges between 1 and 15 m3''.''<br/>
+According to Chapagain and Hoekstra (2007), drinking one standard cup of coffee in the Netherlands requires approximately 140 litres of water, by far the largest part for growing the coffee plant. This large amount of [[Sources of water#Green water|green water]] need of the plant might be problematic in many of the coffee producing and exporting countries which are particularly prone to climate change and to increasingly unpredictable rainfall patterns. While the coffee production and yields differ from country to country, GTZ (2002 cited in Chapagain and Hoekstra, 2007) estimates that water needed to produce 1 ton of raw coffee cherry ranges between 1 and 15 m3''.''<br/>
 == Coffee processing ==
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 == Coffee and climate change ==
-Just as in the case of other agricultural commodities, coffee trees (most of them managed by smallholder farmers) are also prone to the increasingly unpredictable weather conditions. [[Variability_and_extreme_events|Droughts compounded with erratic rains]] have had detrimental effects on floweration and the cherry maturation. Drought alone causes a production loss up to 20% while unpredictable rainfalls lead to detriment in the quality of beans (GIZ, 2010). Excessive rains accelerate the spread of diseases such as the Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD), which killed approximately 200 million trees in the past 10 years just in Uganda (Café Africa, 2012).<br/>
+Just as in the case of other agricultural commodities, coffee trees (most of them managed by smallholder farmers) are also prone to the increasingly unpredictable weather conditions. [[Variability and extreme events|Droughts compounded with erratic rains]] have had detrimental effects on floweration and the cherry maturation. Drought alone causes a production loss up to 20% while unpredictable rainfalls lead to detriment in the quality of beans (GIZ, 2010). Excessive rains accelerate the spread of diseases such as the Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD), which killed approximately 200 million trees in the past 10 years just in Uganda (Café Africa, 2012).<br/>
 == Case Study – Uganda ==
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 [http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/ http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/]<br/>
 [[Category:Technologies]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Coffee is the most widely traded agricultural commodity in the world, with 2.25 billion cups of coffee consumed globally every day (Pendergrast, 2000). Compared to other agricultural commodities, coffee production and procession requires relatively low amount of water. However coffee trade involves significant virtual water exchange: coffee beans are exported from often water scarce producing countries in the Global South to be then roasted, served and consumed mainly in Europe and the U.S.<br/>
+Coffee is the most widely traded agricultural commodity in the world, with 2.25 billion cups of coffee consumed globally every day (Pendergrast, 2000). Compared to other agricultural commodities, coffee production and procession requires relatively low amount of water. However coffee trade involves significant [[Virtual_water_and_water_footprint|virtual water]] exchange: coffee beans are exported from often water scarce producing countries in the Global South to be then roasted, served and consumed mainly in Europe and the U.S.<br/>
 == Background ==
-According to Chapagain and Hoekstra (2007), drinking one standard cup of coffee in the Netherlands requires approximately 140 litres of water, by far the largest part for growing the coffee plant. This large amount of green water need of the plant might be problematic in many of the coffee producing and exporting countries which are particularly prone to climate change and to increasingly unpredictable rainfall patterns. While the coffee production and yields differ from country to country, GTZ (2002 cited in Chapagain and Hoekstra, 2007) estimates that water needed to produce 1 ton of raw coffee cherry ranges between 1 and 15 m3''.''<br/>
+According to Chapagain and Hoekstra (2007), drinking one standard cup of coffee in the Netherlands requires approximately 140 litres of water, by far the largest part for growing the coffee plant. This large amount of [[Sources_of_water#Green_water|green water]] need of the plant might be problematic in many of the coffee producing and exporting countries which are particularly prone to climate change and to increasingly unpredictable rainfall patterns. While the coffee production and yields differ from country to country, GTZ (2002 cited in Chapagain and Hoekstra, 2007) estimates that water needed to produce 1 ton of raw coffee cherry ranges between 1 and 15 m3''.''<br/>
 == Coffee processing ==
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 == Coffee and climate change ==
-Just as in the case of other agricultural commodities, coffee trees (most of them managed by smallholder farmers) are also prone to the increasingly unpredictable weather conditions. Droughts compounded with erratic rains have had detrimental effects on floweration and the cherry maturation. Drought alone causes a production loss up to 20% while unpredictable rainfalls lead to detriment in the quality of beans (GIZ, 2010). Excessive rains accelerate the spread of diseases such as the Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD), which killed approximately 200 million trees in the past 10 years just in Uganda (Café Africa, 2012).<br/>
+Just as in the case of other agricultural commodities, coffee trees (most of them managed by smallholder farmers) are also prone to the increasingly unpredictable weather conditions. [[Variability_and_extreme_events|Droughts compounded with erratic rains]] have had detrimental effects on floweration and the cherry maturation. Drought alone causes a production loss up to 20% while unpredictable rainfalls lead to detriment in the quality of beans (GIZ, 2010). Excessive rains accelerate the spread of diseases such as the Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD), which killed approximately 200 million trees in the past 10 years just in Uganda (Café Africa, 2012).<br/>
 == Case Study – Uganda ==
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 <br/>
-Kule, E., 2010. ''Influence of technology on [[Water_Governance_and_Women|gender]] division of labour in households: the case study of wet coffee post harvesting handling in Kasese district, ''Kampala: Master thesis, Makere University.
+Kule, E., 2010. ''Influence of technology on [[Water Governance and Women|gender]] division of labour in households: the case study of wet coffee post harvesting handling in Kasese district, ''Kampala: Master thesis, Makere University.
 <br/>
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 [http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/ http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/]<br/>
 [[Category:Good_Practices]]

@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 <br/>
-Kule, E., 2010. ''Influence of technology on gender division of labour in households: the case study of wet coffee post harvesting handling in Kasese district, ''Kampala: Master thesis, Makere University.
+Kule, E., 2010. ''Influence of technology on [[Water_Governance_and_Women|gender]] division of labour in households: the case study of wet coffee post harvesting handling in Kasese district, ''Kampala: Master thesis, Makere University.
 <br/>
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 [http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/ http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/]<br/>
 [[Category:Technologies]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:42, 13 January 2014
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	[http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/ http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/]<br/>		[http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/ http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/]<br/>

−	~~[[Category:Technologies]]~~
	[[Category:Good_Practices]]		[[Category:Good_Practices]]
		+	[[Category:Technologies]]

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-Coffee is the most widely traded agricultural commodity in the world, with 2.25 billion cups of coffee consumed globally every day (Pendergrast, 2000). Compared to other agricultural commodities, coffee production and procession requires relatively low amount of water. However coffee trade involves significant virtual water exchange: coffee beans are exported from often water scarce producing countries in the Global South to be then roasted, served and consumed mainly in Europe and the U.S.
+Coffee is the most widely traded agricultural commodity in the world, with 2.25 billion cups of coffee consumed globally every day (Pendergrast, 2000). Compared to other agricultural commodities, coffee production and procession requires relatively low amount of water. However coffee trade involves significant virtual water exchange: coffee beans are exported from often water scarce producing countries in the Global South to be then roasted, served and consumed mainly in Europe and the U.S.<br/>
-−
-<br/>
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-== Content ==
-−
-Background
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-Coffee processing
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-Coffee and climate change
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-Case study
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-References
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-Further Reading
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 <br/>
 == Background ==
-According to Chapagain and Hoekstra (2007), drinking one standard cup of coffee in the Netherlands requires approximately 140 litres of water, by far the largest part for growing the coffee plant. This large amount of green water need of the plant might be problematic in many of the coffee producing and exporting countries which are particularly prone to climate change and to increasingly unpredictable rainfall patterns. While the coffee production and yields differ from country to country, GTZ (2002 cited in Chapagain and Hoekstra, 2007) estimates that water needed to produce 1 ton of raw coffee cherry ranges between 1 and 15 m3''.''
+According to Chapagain and Hoekstra (2007), drinking one standard cup of coffee in the Netherlands requires approximately 140 litres of water, by far the largest part for growing the coffee plant. This large amount of green water need of the plant might be problematic in many of the coffee producing and exporting countries which are particularly prone to climate change and to increasingly unpredictable rainfall patterns. While the coffee production and yields differ from country to country, GTZ (2002 cited in Chapagain and Hoekstra, 2007) estimates that water needed to produce 1 ton of raw coffee cherry ranges between 1 and 15 m3''.''<br/>
-−
 <br/>
 == Coffee processing ==
-The two major varieties of coffee are Arabica and Robusta. Both take approximately 3-5 years after plantation to give yields: the seed of the tree which is most widely known as the coffee bean. The water requirement of coffee may differ slightly depending on the climatic conditions of the producing countries, hence on soil condition and rainfall patterns and whether the coffee is wet or dry processed. During wet-processing, first the pulp is removed by using mainly hand-pulping machines. Then muscillage is removed through fermentation before the beans are laid down on the ground to dry (Kule, 2010). During the dry process, the beans are dried under the sun immediately after picking until they reach the desired moisture level (Seyer, 2002). After drying process, the parchment layer is removed by the same hulling process. Then the “green beans” are ready to be exported and the final stage of the process usually takes places in the target consumer countries (mainly Western Europe or the U.S) where the beans are roasted and brewed, transforming the green beans into the aromatic hot drink we all know.
+The two major varieties of coffee are Arabica and Robusta. Both take approximately 3-5 years after plantation to give yields: the seed of the tree which is most widely known as the coffee bean. The water requirement of coffee may differ slightly depending on the climatic conditions of the producing countries, hence on soil condition and rainfall patterns and whether the coffee is wet or dry processed. During wet-processing, first the pulp is removed by using mainly hand-pulping machines. Then muscillage is removed through fermentation before the beans are laid down on the ground to dry (Kule, 2010). During the dry process, the beans are dried under the sun immediately after picking until they reach the desired moisture level (Seyer, 2002). After drying process, the parchment layer is removed by the same hulling process. Then the “green beans” are ready to be exported and the final stage of the process usually takes places in the target consumer countries (mainly Western Europe or the U.S) where the beans are roasted and brewed, transforming the green beans into the aromatic hot drink we all know.<br/>
-−
 <br/>
 [[File:Dry and wet coffee processing methods.JPG|right|1084px|Dry and wet coffee processing methods|alt=Dry and wet coffee processing methods]]<br/>
-The demand for wet-processed Arabica and Robusta has grown significantly as wet-processed coffee beans are judged to have higher quality and richer taste. The increasing demand for wet-processed and other specialty coffee – including decaffeinated coffee- requires more and more freshwater in the coffee processing cycle (for the flotation, fermentation and washing) and some cases leads to pollution as efficient wastewater handling at coffee plantations proved to be problematic in the Global South.
+The demand for wet-processed Arabica and Robusta has grown significantly as wet-processed coffee beans are judged to have higher quality and richer taste. The increasing demand for wet-processed and other specialty coffee – including decaffeinated coffee- requires more and more freshwater in the coffee processing cycle (for the flotation, fermentation and washing) and some cases leads to pollution as efficient wastewater handling at coffee plantations proved to be problematic in the Global South.<br/>
-−
 <br/>
 == Coffee and climate change ==
-Just as in the case of other agricultural commodities, coffee trees (most of them managed by smallholder farmers) are also prone to the increasingly unpredictable weather conditions. Droughts compounded with erratic rains have had detrimental effects on floweration and the cherry maturation. Drought alone causes a production loss up to 20% while unpredictable rainfalls lead to detriment in the quality of beans (GIZ, 2010). Excessive rains accelerate the spread of diseases such as the Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD), which killed approximately 200 million trees in the past 10 years just in Uganda (Café Africa, 2012).
+Just as in the case of other agricultural commodities, coffee trees (most of them managed by smallholder farmers) are also prone to the increasingly unpredictable weather conditions. Droughts compounded with erratic rains have had detrimental effects on floweration and the cherry maturation. Drought alone causes a production loss up to 20% while unpredictable rainfalls lead to detriment in the quality of beans (GIZ, 2010). Excessive rains accelerate the spread of diseases such as the Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD), which killed approximately 200 million trees in the past 10 years just in Uganda (Café Africa, 2012).<br/>
-−
 <br/>
 == Case Study – Uganda ==
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 While Uganda is considered as water abundant country (Hoekstra & Hung, 2002), coffee farmers rely heavily on rainwater and river to cover all their primary and secondary water consumption. In lights of climate change and recent surge in demand for washed Arabica, a more reliable water management would be desirable in the coming years which in exchange would also enhance the livelihood of smallholder coffee farmers.
 == Bibliography ==
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 <br/>
-[http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/ http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/]
+[http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/ http://coffeelands.crs.org/tag/water/]<br/>
 [[Category:Technologies]]

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 <br/>
-As demand for washed Arabica has grown globally in the past years, farmers are encouraged to wet-process their coffee beans because it will automatically guarantee higher price for their products. Yet case studies have shown that farmers are constraint in terms of inputs adapting to this new market opportunity (Hegyi, 2012). The facilities and the water resources washed Arabica require is often not available for the farmers, especially in Arabica growing region of Western-Uganda, including the Rwenzoris.
+As demand for washed Arabica has grown globally in the past years, farmers are encouraged to wet-process their coffee beans because it will automatically guarantee higher price for their products. Yet case studies have shown that farmers are constraint in terms of inputs adapting to this new market opportunity (Hegyi, 2012). The facilities and the water resources washed Arabica requires is often not available for the farmers, especially in Arabica growing region of Western-Uganda, including the Rwenzoris.
 While Uganda is considered as water abundant country (Hoekstra & Hung, 2002), coffee farmers rely heavily on rainwater and river to cover all their primary and secondary water consumption. In lights of climate change and recent surge in demand for washed Arabica, a more reliable water management would be desirable in the coming years which in exchange would also enhance the livelihood of smallholder coffee farmers.

@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 == Case Study – Uganda ==
-Uganda is the second biggest African coffee producer after Ethiopia, contributing to the world coffee supply by 2,2% (Fair Trade Foundation, 2012). According to Chapagain and Hoekstra (2007), the crop water requirement of coffee is the 5th highest in Uganda among the 25 coffee producing countries examined with a virtual water content of 17079 m3 per a ton of green coffee. Uganda is the biggest African exporter of coffee therefore the amount of water traded to its main target regions should be emphasised. For instance, the annual Fair Trade coffee sales in the UK alone increased from 18.6 to 197.3 million pounds (Fair Trade Foundation, 2012).
+Uganda is the second biggest African coffee producer after Ethiopia, contributing to the world coffee supply by 2,2% (Fair Trade Foundation, 2012). According to Chapagain and Hoekstra (2007), the crop water requirement of coffee is the 5th highest in Uganda among the 25 coffee producing countries examined with a virtual water content of 17079 m3 per a ton of green coffee. Uganda is the biggest African exporter of coffee therefore the amount of water traded to its main target regions should be emphasised. For instance, the annual Fair Trade coffee sales in the UK alone increased from 15.5 million to 194 million pounds between 2000 and 2011 (Fair Trade Foundation, 2012).
 [[File:Arabica tree.JPG|right|1084px|Arabica tree in the Rwenzoris, Uganda|alt=Arabica tree in the Rwenzoris, Uganda]]<br/>
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 <br/>
-Demand for washed Arabica has grown globally in the past years. Therefore, farmers are encouraged to wet-process their coffee beans because it will automatically guarantee higher price for their products. Yet case studies have shown that farmers are constraint in terms of inputs adapting to this new market opportunity (Hegyi, 2012). The facilities and the water resources washed Arabica require is often not available for the farmers, especially in Arabica growing region of Western-Uganda, including the Rwenzoris.
+As demand for washed Arabica has grown globally in the past years, farmers are encouraged to wet-process their coffee beans because it will automatically guarantee higher price for their products. Yet case studies have shown that farmers are constraint in terms of inputs adapting to this new market opportunity (Hegyi, 2012). The facilities and the water resources washed Arabica require is often not available for the farmers, especially in Arabica growing region of Western-Uganda, including the Rwenzoris.
 While Uganda is considered as water abundant country (Hoekstra & Hung, 2002), coffee farmers rely heavily on rainwater and river to cover all their primary and secondary water consumption. In lights of climate change and recent surge in demand for washed Arabica, a more reliable water management would be desirable in the coming years which in exchange would also enhance the livelihood of smallholder coffee farmers.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:28, 30 December 2013
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	Just as in the case of other agricultural commodities, coffee trees (most of them managed by smallholder farmers) are also prone to the increasingly unpredictable weather conditions. Droughts compounded with erratic rains have had detrimental effects on floweration and the cherry maturation. Drought alone causes a production loss up to 20% while unpredictable rainfalls lead to detriment in the quality of beans (GIZ, 2010). Excessive rains accelerate the spread of diseases such as the Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD), which killed approximately 200 million trees in the past 10 years just in Uganda (Café Africa, 2012).		Just as in the case of other agricultural commodities, coffee trees (most of them managed by smallholder farmers) are also prone to the increasingly unpredictable weather conditions. Droughts compounded with erratic rains have had detrimental effects on floweration and the cherry maturation. Drought alone causes a production loss up to 20% while unpredictable rainfalls lead to detriment in the quality of beans (GIZ, 2010). Excessive rains accelerate the spread of diseases such as the Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD), which killed approximately 200 million trees in the past 10 years just in Uganda (Café Africa, 2012).
		+


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	While Uganda is considered as water abundant country (Hoekstra & Hung, 2002), coffee farmers rely heavily on rainwater and river to cover all their primary and secondary water consumption. In lights of climate change and recent surge in demand for washed Arabica, a more reliable water management would be desirable in the coming years which in exchange would also enhance the livelihood of smallholder coffee farmers.		While Uganda is considered as water abundant country (Hoekstra & Hung, 2002), coffee farmers rely heavily on rainwater and river to cover all their primary and secondary water consumption. In lights of climate change and recent surge in demand for washed Arabica, a more reliable water management would be desirable in the coming years which in exchange would also enhance the livelihood of smallholder coffee farmers.
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