Water Price in Arid Countries - Revision history

Irena Irmler at 13:18, 20 February 2014

2014-02-20T13:18:46Z

Irena Irmler at 10:42, 20 February 2014

2014-02-20T10:42:45Z

Irena Irmler at 08:02, 19 April 2013

2013-04-19T08:02:49Z

Irena Irmler at 13:58, 10 April 2013

2013-04-10T13:58:01Z

Irena Irmler: /* See also */

2013-04-08T12:21:23Z

‎See also

Irena Irmler: /* Developing Countries */

2013-04-08T12:07:22Z

‎Developing Countries

Irena Irmler at 12:06, 8 April 2013

2013-04-08T12:06:22Z

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Irena Irmler at 12:05, 8 April 2013

2013-04-08T12:05:10Z

Irena Irmler: Created page with " Water pricing is only a relevant issue if the provision of water results in expenses – that have to be carried by someone. This is of particular relevance in countries wher..."

2013-04-08T11:36:27Z

Created page with " Water pricing is only a relevant issue if the provision of water results in expenses – that have to be carried by someone. This is of particular relevance in countries wher..."

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Water pricing is only a relevant issue if the provision of water results in expenses – that have to be carried by someone. This is of particular relevance in countries where water cannot at all be considered an ubiquity, that is: in arid countries. In dry regions the extraction or production as well as the distribution of water has significant costs and requires distinct managerial and innovative approaches.<ref>UN (2008) Drought and Arid Land Water Management. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/israel/drought.pdfon 01.02.2013.</ref> Israel for instance has implemented an increasing block tariff which differs from region to region while irrigation water is made available for a special price. The Israeli government has also started to implement water saving and effluent reclamation projects. The capacities of the sea water and brackish water desalination plants are in the process of being enhanced.

The situation is different in the Arab countries on the Persian Gulf whose economies have gone through substantial transformation processes over the last 30 years. Governments have been able to generate enormous income from oil revenues.<ref>World Bank (2005). A Water Sector Assessment Report on the Countries of the Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMNAREGTOPWATRES/Overview/20577193/GCCWaterSectorReport--Englishversion.pdf on 29.01.2013.</ref> This allowed them to improve the infrastructure. Like all government services, water is practically provided for free. There are however hardly and substantial efforts to increase efficiency in any of the GCC countries. Water desalination plants present a great opportunity: Sea water is practically infinite. A functioning and reliable electricity net is necessary, and energy costs are very high. The technology of self-sufficient, e.g. solar-driven, desalination plants is by now technically mature and feasible from an economic point of view. <ref>Ghermandi, A. and Messalem, R. (2009). Solar-driven desalination with reverse osmosis: the state of the art. Desalination Publications, no. 7, pp. 285-296.</ref>

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-Water pricing is only a relevant issue if the provision of water results in expenses – that have to be carried by someone. This is of particular relevance in countries where water cannot at all be considered an ubiquity, that is: in [[Dryland_farming|arid]] countries.
+Water pricing is only a relevant issue if the provision of water results in expenses – that have to be carried by someone. This is of particular relevance in countries where water cannot at all be considered an ubiquity, that is: in [[Dryland farming|arid]] countries.
 = Managerial and Innovative Capacities =
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 Among others, water issues in developing countries include the following:
 *<span dir="ltr"></span>'''Poor water quality'''. The causes of water pollution are mostly anthropogenic: Human waste, fertilizers, industrial chemicals contaminate water bodies.<ref>Pereira, L., Cordery, I. and Iacovides, I. (2002).Coping with water scarcity. UNESCO Interna-tional Hydrological Programme. Retrieved from http://dl.irpdf.com/ebooks/Part21/www.irpdf.com%287437%29.pdf on 28.01.2013.</ref> Many developing countries have not passed or do not enforce laws on the prevention of water pollution. Wastewater treatment plants are not yet common in developing countries.<ref>Pimentel, D. et al.(2004). Water Resources: Agriculturaland Environmental Issues. Bio Sci-ence,vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 909-918. </ref> Poor water quality has enormous consequences for the population’s health.
-*<span dir="ltr"></span>'''Low coverage'''. Infrastructure coverage is particularly low in rural areas, but also urban coverage is “under pressure”.<ref>Briceño-Garmendia, C., Estache, A. and Shafik, N. (2004). Infrastructure Services in Developing Countries: Access, Quality, Cost and Policy Reform. Washington: World Bank.</ref> Not all households have access to piped water or a well close by. In some cases water vendors provide this area with water, but it’s not uncommon that especially women have to walk long distances to get water.<ref>Kjellen, M, and McGranahan, G. (2006). Informal Water Vendors and the Poor. Retrieved from http://sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Water-sanitation/informal_water_vendors.pdf on 31.01.2013.</ref>
+*<span dir="ltr"></span>'''Low coverage'''. Infrastructure coverage is particularly low in rural areas, but also urban coverage is “under pressure”.<ref>Briceño-Garmendia, C., Estache, A. and Shafik, N. (2004). Infrastructure Services in Developing Countries: Access, Quality, Cost and Policy Reform. Washington: World Bank.</ref> Not all households have access to piped water or a well close by. In some cases water vendors provide this area with water, but it’s not uncommon that especially [[Water_Governance_and_Women|women]] have to walk long distances to get water.<ref>Kjellen, M, and McGranahan, G. (2006). Informal Water Vendors and the Poor. Retrieved from http://sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Water-sanitation/informal_water_vendors.pdf on 31.01.2013.</ref>
 *<span dir="ltr"></span>'''Low reliability. '''Even if a household or a company is connected to the pipe system, unannounced water outages negatively impact on the water situation. Businesses may even be forced to lay down work as water is essential for their operations.<ref>Immerzeel, W. et al. (2011): Middle-East and Northern Africa Water Outlook. Retrieved from http://www.medrc.org/download/twb/Final_Report_v6.pdf on 29.01.2013.</ref>
 *<span dir="ltr"></span>'''Low efficiency of water usage.''' Irrigation systems as well as pipes for industrial and domestic use of water are mostly not working properly.<ref>Immerzeel, W. et al. (2011): Middle-East and Northern Africa Water Outlook. Retrieved from http://www.medrc.org/download/twb/Final_Report_v6.pdf on 29.01.2013.</ref> Due to e.g. leakages, the efficiency of water use is relatively low.
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 <references />
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-Water pricing is only a relevant issue if the provision of water results in expenses – that have to be carried by someone. This is of particular relevance in countries where water cannot at all be considered an ubiquity, that is: in arid countries.
+Water pricing is only a relevant issue if the provision of water results in expenses – that have to be carried by someone. This is of particular relevance in countries where water cannot at all be considered an ubiquity, that is: in [[Dryland_farming|arid]] countries.
 = Managerial and Innovative Capacities =
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 <references />

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-[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Wind_Energy_-_Water_Desalination wind-driven, desalination plants]Water pricing is only a relevant issue if the provision of water results in expenses – that have to be carried by someone. This is of particular relevance in countries where water cannot at all be considered an ubiquity, that is: in arid countries.
+Water pricing is only a relevant issue if the provision of water results in expenses – that have to be carried by someone. This is of particular relevance in countries where water cannot at all be considered an ubiquity, that is: in arid countries.
 = Managerial and Innovative Capacities =
-In dry regions the extraction or production as well as the distribution of water has [[Water Price|significant costs]] and requires distinct managerial and innovative approaches.<ref>UN (2008) Drought and Arid Land Water Management. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/israel/drought.pdfon 01.02.2013.</ref> Israel for instance has implemented an increasing block tariff which differs from region to region while irrigation water is made available for a special price. The Israeli government has also started to implement [[water_saving|water saving]] and effluent reclamation projects. The capacities of the sea water and brackish water desalination plants are in the process of being enhanced.
+In dry regions the extraction or production as well as the distribution of water has [[Water Price|significant costs]] and requires distinct managerial and innovative approaches.<ref>UN (2008) Drought and Arid Land Water Management. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/israel/drought.pdfon 01.02.2013.</ref> Israel for instance has implemented an increasing block tariff which differs from region to region while irrigation water is made available for a special price. The Israeli government has also started to implement [[Water saving|water saving]] and effluent reclamation projects. The capacities of the sea water and brackish water desalination plants are in the process of being enhanced.
 = Government Provision =
-The situation is different in the Arab countries on the Persian Gulf whose economies have gone through substantial transformation processes over the last 30 years. Governments have been able to generate enormous income from oil revenues.<ref>World Bank (2005). A Water Sector Assessment Report on the Countries of the Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMNAREGTOPWATRES/Overview/20577193/GCCWaterSectorReport--Englishversion.pdf on 29.01.2013.</ref> This allowed them to improve the infrastructure. Like all government services, water is practically provided for free. There are however hardly and substantial efforts to increase efficiency in any of the GCC countries. Water desalination plants present a great opportunity: Sea water is practically infinite. A functioning and reliable electricity net is necessary, and energy costs are very high. The technology of self-sufficient, e.g. wind-driven, desalination plants is by now technically mature and feasible from an economic point of view.<ref>Ghermandi, A. and Messalem, R. (2009). Solar-driven desalination with reverse osmosis: the state of the art. Desalination Publications, no. 7, pp. 285-296.</ref>
+The situation is different in the Arab countries on the Persian Gulf whose economies have gone through substantial transformation processes over the last 30 years. Governments have been able to generate enormous income from oil revenues.<ref>World Bank (2005). A Water Sector Assessment Report on the Countries of the Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMNAREGTOPWATRES/Overview/20577193/GCCWaterSectorReport--Englishversion.pdf on 29.01.2013.</ref> This allowed them to improve the infrastructure. Like all government services, water is practically provided for free. There are however hardly and substantial efforts to increase efficiency in any of the GCC countries. Water desalination plants present a great opportunity: Sea water is practically infinite. A functioning and reliable electricity net is necessary, and energy costs are very high. The technology of self-sufficient, e.g. [https://energypedia.info/wiki/Wind_Energy_-_Water_Desalination wind-driven, desalination plants] is by now technically mature and feasible from an economic point of view.<ref>Ghermandi, A. and Messalem, R. (2009). Solar-driven desalination with reverse osmosis: the state of the art. Desalination Publications, no. 7, pp. 285-296.</ref>
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-<br/>
 = Developing Countries =
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 Achieving a sustainable water situation can be enhanced by an appropriate water tariff. This tariff however has to be enforced, too.<ref>IBNET (2013). Water and Sanitation Utilities Context Information and Indicators. Retrieved from http://www.ib-net.org/en/texts.php?folder_id=100&L=1&S=2 on 29.01.2013</ref> With respect to the limited managerial governance capacities mentioned above this enforcement, maybe in the form of collecting bills, poses a great challenge to water utilities.<ref>Komives, K. and Stalker Prokopy, L. (2000). Cost Recovery in Partnership: Results, Attitudes, Lessons and Strategies. London: BPD Water and Sanitation Cluster</ref>
 = See also =

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Water pricing is only a relevant issue if the provision of water results in expenses – that have to be carried by someone. This is of particular relevance in countries where water cannot at all be considered an ubiquity, that is: in arid countries.
+[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Wind_Energy_-_Water_Desalination wind-driven, desalination plants]Water pricing is only a relevant issue if the provision of water results in expenses – that have to be carried by someone. This is of particular relevance in countries where water cannot at all be considered an ubiquity, that is: in arid countries.
 = Managerial and Innovative Capacities =
-In dry regions the extraction or production as well as the distribution of water has [[Water Price|significant costs]] and requires distinct managerial and innovative approaches.<ref>UN (2008) Drought and Arid Land Water Management. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/israel/drought.pdfon 01.02.2013.</ref> Israel for instance has implemented an increasing block tariff which differs from region to region while irrigation water is made available for a special price. The Israeli government has also started to implement water saving and effluent reclamation projects. The capacities of the sea water and brackish water desalination plants are in the process of being enhanced.
+In dry regions the extraction or production as well as the distribution of water has [[Water Price|significant costs]] and requires distinct managerial and innovative approaches.<ref>UN (2008) Drought and Arid Land Water Management. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/israel/drought.pdfon 01.02.2013.</ref> Israel for instance has implemented an increasing block tariff which differs from region to region while irrigation water is made available for a special price. The Israeli government has also started to implement [[water_saving|water saving]] and effluent reclamation projects. The capacities of the sea water and brackish water desalination plants are in the process of being enhanced.
 = Government Provision =
-The situation is different in the Arab countries on the Persian Gulf whose economies have gone through substantial transformation processes over the last 30 years. Governments have been able to generate enormous income from oil revenues.<ref>World Bank (2005). A Water Sector Assessment Report on the Countries of the Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMNAREGTOPWATRES/Overview/20577193/GCCWaterSectorReport--Englishversion.pdf on 29.01.2013.</ref> This allowed them to improve the infrastructure. Like all government services, water is practically provided for free. There are however hardly and substantial efforts to increase efficiency in any of the GCC countries. Water desalination plants present a great opportunity: Sea water is practically infinite. A functioning and reliable electricity net is necessary, and energy costs are very high. The technology of self-sufficient, e.g. solar-driven, desalination plants is by now technically mature and feasible from an economic point of view.<ref>Ghermandi, A. and Messalem, R. (2009). Solar-driven desalination with reverse osmosis: the state of the art. Desalination Publications, no. 7, pp. 285-296.</ref>
+The situation is different in the Arab countries on the Persian Gulf whose economies have gone through substantial transformation processes over the last 30 years. Governments have been able to generate enormous income from oil revenues.<ref>World Bank (2005). A Water Sector Assessment Report on the Countries of the Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMNAREGTOPWATRES/Overview/20577193/GCCWaterSectorReport--Englishversion.pdf on 29.01.2013.</ref> This allowed them to improve the infrastructure. Like all government services, water is practically provided for free. There are however hardly and substantial efforts to increase efficiency in any of the GCC countries. Water desalination plants present a great opportunity: Sea water is practically infinite. A functioning and reliable electricity net is necessary, and energy costs are very high. The technology of self-sufficient, e.g. wind-driven, desalination plants is by now technically mature and feasible from an economic point of view.<ref>Ghermandi, A. and Messalem, R. (2009). Solar-driven desalination with reverse osmosis: the state of the art. Desalination Publications, no. 7, pp. 285-296.</ref>
 = Developing Countries =
@@ Line 56: / Line 57: @@
 Achieving a sustainable water situation can be enhanced by an appropriate water tariff. This tariff however has to be enforced, too.<ref>IBNET (2013). Water and Sanitation Utilities Context Information and Indicators. Retrieved from http://www.ib-net.org/en/texts.php?folder_id=100&L=1&S=2 on 29.01.2013</ref> With respect to the limited managerial governance capacities mentioned above this enforcement, maybe in the form of collecting bills, poses a great challenge to water utilities.<ref>Komives, K. and Stalker Prokopy, L. (2000). Cost Recovery in Partnership: Results, Attitudes, Lessons and Strategies. London: BPD Water and Sanitation Cluster</ref>
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 = See also =
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 [[Water Price|Water Price]]
-[[:File:Irmler,_Li_2012_Water_Pricing_in_Cape_Verde.pdf|:File:Irmler, Li 2012 Water Pricing in Cape Verde.pdf]]
+[[:File:Irmler, Li 2012 Water Pricing in Cape Verde.pdf|:File:Irmler, Li 2012 Water Pricing in Cape Verde.pdf]]
 <references />

@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 Achieving a sustainable water situation can be enhanced by an appropriate water tariff. This tariff however has to be enforced, too.<ref>IBNET (2013). Water and Sanitation Utilities Context Information and Indicators. Retrieved from http://www.ib-net.org/en/texts.php?folder_id=100&L=1&S=2 on 29.01.2013</ref> With respect to the limited managerial governance capacities mentioned above this enforcement, maybe in the form of collecting bills, poses a great challenge to water utilities.<ref>Komives, K. and Stalker Prokopy, L. (2000). Cost Recovery in Partnership: Results, Attitudes, Lessons and Strategies. London: BPD Water and Sanitation Cluster</ref>
 <div></div>
 = See also =
-</div>
 [[Water Price|Water Price]]
-<br/>
+[[:File:Irmler,_Li_2012_Water_Pricing_in_Cape_Verde.pdf|:File:Irmler, Li 2012 Water Pricing in Cape Verde.pdf]]
 <references />