Water lifting devices – Central Asia - Revision history

Irena Irmler at 20:04, 19 February 2014

2014-02-19T20:04:40Z

Irena Irmler: /* Technical details and performance */

2013-05-31T11:33:01Z

‎Technical details and performance

Irena Irmler at 11:32, 31 May 2013

2013-05-31T11:32:24Z

Felix Zeiske at 09:05, 19 October 2012

2012-10-19T09:05:02Z

Show changes

Felix Zeiske at 17:21, 14 August 2012

2012-08-14T17:21:04Z

Felix Zeiske at 07:13, 14 August 2012

2012-08-14T07:13:10Z

Felix Zeiske at 07:12, 14 August 2012

2012-08-14T07:12:51Z

Felix Zeiske at 07:12, 14 August 2012

2012-08-14T07:12:30Z

Felix Zeiske at 15:49, 13 August 2012

2012-08-13T15:49:46Z

Felix Zeiske at 15:49, 13 August 2012

2012-08-13T15:49:13Z

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 = Background =
-Water is a crucial factor for agriculture, human consumption and hydropower engineering in Gorno-Badakhshan (GBAO). Thus, its availability plays a vital role for the region’s development. Moreover, water is also the Pamirs’ most important source of energy, with two hydropower stations around Khorog being the main providers of electricity in GBAO.<br/>Though the Pamirs are abundant with water, the slopes of the Pamirs’ valleys are dry and barren. Due to the mountainous relief in connection with the sparse vegetation and the low rate of precipitation, most of the water flows unused down the rivers. Therefore, agriculture is only possible directly in the river plains or by irrigating the land. But due to management deficits water in GBAO does not serve the current need of its inhabitants.<br/>Due to climate change, water availability will be drastically aggravated. In the semi-dry area of the Pamirs, rivers are the main source of water. As most major rivers in GBAO are fed by glaciers at around 10 to 20 per cent, the melting process of glaciers will have a significant influence on water availability, not only for the Pamirs but also for the rest of the country, as well as the downstream countries. It is expected that the glacial inflow to the large rivers will increase due to intensive melting of mountain glaciers in the short to medium-term, while in the long-term perspective they will dramatically decrease due to the glacial deficit.<br/>After the independence of Tajikistan, and the respective abrupt stop of external supplies, diesel pumps and other irrigation infrastructure quickly degraded due to high fuel and maintenance costs and chaotic transformation of the Soviet planning economic system. Traditional knowledge on irrigation techniques from pre-Soviet times is lost. Existent water resources are used inefficiently. For the rehabilitation of infrastructure and sustainable management of natural resources it is important to search for efficient irrigation technologies and to disseminate appropriate management mechanisms on household and community levels. In compliance with the existing project interventions of the GIZ Project “Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Gorno-Badakhshan”, another key topic is to enhance the climate resilience of livelihoods in marginal mountain regions of Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan.
+Water is a crucial factor for agriculture, human consumption and hydropower engineering in Gorno-Badakhshan (GBAO). Thus, its availability plays a vital role for the region’s development. Moreover, water is also the Pamirs’ most important source of energy, with two hydropower stations around Khorog being the main providers of electricity in GBAO.<br/>Though the Pamirs are abundant with water, the slopes of the Pamirs’ valleys are dry and barren. Due to the mountainous relief in connection with the sparse vegetation and the low rate of precipitation, most of the water flows unused down the [[Riverbed_farming|rivers]]. Therefore, agriculture is only possible directly in the river plains or by irrigating the land. But due to management deficits water in GBAO does not serve the current need of its inhabitants.<br/>Due to climate change, water availability will be drastically aggravated. In the semi-dry area of the Pamirs, rivers are the main source of water. As most major rivers in GBAO are fed by glaciers at around 10 to 20 per cent, the melting process of glaciers will have a significant influence on water availability, not only for the Pamirs but also for the rest of the country, as well as the downstream countries. It is expected that the glacial inflow to the large rivers will increase due to intensive melting of mountain glaciers in the short to medium-term, while in the long-term perspective they will dramatically decrease due to the glacial deficit.<br/>After the independence of Tajikistan, and the respective abrupt stop of external supplies, diesel pumps and other irrigation infrastructure quickly degraded due to high fuel and maintenance costs and chaotic transformation of the Soviet planning economic system. Traditional knowledge on irrigation techniques from pre-Soviet times is lost. Existent water resources are used inefficiently. For the rehabilitation of infrastructure and sustainable management of natural resources it is important to search for efficient irrigation technologies and to disseminate appropriate management mechanisms on household and community levels. In compliance with the existing project interventions of the GIZ Project “Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Gorno-Badakhshan”, another key topic is to enhance the climate resilience of livelihoods in marginal mountain regions of Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan.
 = Approach =
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 = Example ram pump =
 == Technical details and performance ==
@@ Line 34: / Line 33: @@
 *ram pump can lift approximately 4,000 litres to a 30 metres height (different models available, can lift up water up to 100 metres) during a 24hour period (depending on strength of water fall, the device can pump more water or pump the water higher. For example, with a fall of 5 metres the device pumps 8,000 liters in 24 hours to 30 meters height or 4,000 liters to 50 meters height)
 == Technical background ==
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 *The most important requirement is to have a location where water is falling from one height to another. The minimum “fall” is 2 metres. A fall of 3 to 6 metres is optimal.
 *To built up sufficient pressure the pipe carrying water to the pump (i.e. the water input pipe) must have at least 8 metres of length and the same diameter (or bigger) than the pump input hole.
 [[File:Ram Pump - Tajikistan.png|thumb|right|180px|Ram Pump in Tajikistan]]
 *It functions as a hydraulic transformer that takes in water at one "hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow-rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device utilizes the water hammer effect to develop pressure allowing a portion of the input water to be lifted to a point higher than the original starting point of the water.
@@ Line 79: / Line 80: @@
 *They can be made and repaired locally using locally available materials, after a training of craftsmen[[File:PICT0127.JPG|thumb|right|180px|PICT0127.JPG]]
 *Both pumps have no running costs because they do not need fuel or electricity, therefore they can be used in remote areas with no electrical supply
 *Very robust technology, low vulnerability, even under adverse conditions.
 *These technologies were developed in combination of water storage devices. Furthermore, irrigation pumps and water storage technologies improve irrigation and provide the possibility to carry water over to the dry seasons for strengthening the resilience.
 = Sustainability =
@@ Line 106: / Line 107: @@
 [http://naturalresources-centralasia.org/index.php?id=45 http://naturalresources-centralasia.org/index.php?id=45] (22.05.2012)
-[[Central_Asia_Regional_Water_Information_Base_Project_(CAREWIB)|Central Asia Regional Water Information Base Project (CAREWIB)]]
+[[Central Asia Regional Water Information Base Project (CAREWIB)|Central Asia Regional Water Information Base Project (CAREWIB)]]

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 = Example ram pump =
-{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="width: 800px"
+== Technical details and performance ==
-|-
-−
-[[File:Rampump1.jpg.png|none|180px|Intake ram pump in Tajikistan]]
+*[[File:Rampump1.jpg.png|thumb|right|180px|Intake ram pump in Tajikistan|alt=Intake ram pump in Tajikistan]]works continuously without external energy supply using the force of flowing water<br/>
-*works continuously without external energy supply using the force of flowing water<br/>
+*ram pump can lift approximately 4,000 litres to a 30 metres height (different models available, can lift up water up to 100 metres) during a 24hour period (depending on strength of water fall, the device can pump more water or pump the water higher. For example, with a fall of 5 metres the device pumps 8,000 liters in 24 hours to 30 meters height or 4,000 liters to 50 meters height)
-*ram pump can lift approximately 4,000 litres to a 30 metres height (different models available, can lift up water up to 100 metres) during a 24hour period (depending on strength of water fall, the device can pump more water or pump the water higher. For example, with a fall of 5 metres the device pumps 8,000 liters in 24 hours to 30 meters height or 4,000 liters to 50 meters height)<br/>
 == Technical background ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Water lifting devices is a technique to lift water from a lower layer to the upper layer.
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 '''Key words:''' energy efficient pumps, irrigation in dry mountain regions, smallholder agri- and horticulture, natural resources, small scale irrigation, adaptation to climate change
 = Background =
 Water is a crucial factor for agriculture, human consumption and hydropower engineering in Gorno-Badakhshan (GBAO). Thus, its availability plays a vital role for the region’s development. Moreover, water is also the Pamirs’ most important source of energy, with two hydropower stations around Khorog being the main providers of electricity in GBAO.<br/>Though the Pamirs are abundant with water, the slopes of the Pamirs’ valleys are dry and barren. Due to the mountainous relief in connection with the sparse vegetation and the low rate of precipitation, most of the water flows unused down the rivers. Therefore, agriculture is only possible directly in the river plains or by irrigating the land. But due to management deficits water in GBAO does not serve the current need of its inhabitants.<br/>Due to climate change, water availability will be drastically aggravated. In the semi-dry area of the Pamirs, rivers are the main source of water. As most major rivers in GBAO are fed by glaciers at around 10 to 20 per cent, the melting process of glaciers will have a significant influence on water availability, not only for the Pamirs but also for the rest of the country, as well as the downstream countries. It is expected that the glacial inflow to the large rivers will increase due to intensive melting of mountain glaciers in the short to medium-term, while in the long-term perspective they will dramatically decrease due to the glacial deficit.<br/>After the independence of Tajikistan, and the respective abrupt stop of external supplies, diesel pumps and other irrigation infrastructure quickly degraded due to high fuel and maintenance costs and chaotic transformation of the Soviet planning economic system. Traditional knowledge on irrigation techniques from pre-Soviet times is lost. Existent water resources are used inefficiently. For the rehabilitation of infrastructure and sustainable management of natural resources it is important to search for efficient irrigation technologies and to disseminate appropriate management mechanisms on household and community levels. In compliance with the existing project interventions of the GIZ Project “Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Gorno-Badakhshan”, another key topic is to enhance the climate resilience of livelihoods in marginal mountain regions of Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan.
 = Approach =
@@ Line 28: / Line 25: @@
 The ram and swim pumps are standardized and ready for distribution. So far several dozens of ram pumps are tested, sold and installed in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and in northeastern part of Afghanistan. Other organizations like the Aga Khan Foundation (AKF)-Afghanistan, Mountain Societies Development Support Programme in Tajikistan (MSDSP - a project of the Aga Khan Foundation) and the United Nations Development Programme implemented the GIZ supported pump technology.
 = Example ram pump =
@@ Line 35: / Line 30: @@
 == Technical details and performance ==
-*works continuously without external energy supply using the force of flowing water
+{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="width: 800px"
-*ram pump can lift approximately 4,000 litres to a 30 metres height (different models available, can lift up water up to 100 metres) during a 24hour period (depending on strength of water fall, the device can pump more water or pump the water higher. For example, with a fall of 5 metres the device pumps 8,000 liters in 24 hours to 30 meters height or 4,000 liters to 50 meters height)
+|-
-&nbsp;&nbsp; [[File:Rampump1.jpg.png|frame|right|Intake ram pump in Tajikistan]]
+|}
 == Technical background ==
-*&nbsp;A ram pump uses the energy of a larger part of falling water (from a small waterfall or steep stream or from a small irrigation canal/ditch) to pump a smaller amount of water up hill.
+*A ram pump uses the energy of a larger part of falling water (from a small waterfall or steep stream or from a small irrigation canal/ditch) to pump a smaller amount of water up hill.
 *The pump requires specific natural landscapes and conditions. Choosing the right location is extremely important for the best and most useful services of the pump.
 *The most important requirement is to have a location where water is falling from one height to another. The minimum “fall” is 2 metres. A fall of 3 to 6 metres is optimal.
 *To built up sufficient pressure the pipe carrying water to the pump (i.e. the water input pipe) must have at least 8 metres of length and the same diameter (or bigger) than the pump input hole.
 *It functions as a hydraulic transformer that takes in water at one "hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow-rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device utilizes the water hammer effect to develop pressure allowing a portion of the input water to be lifted to a point higher than the original starting point of the water.
 *The pump can strongly vibrate during operation. If not fixed down it may move, possibly causing damages the pipe system.
 *To fix the pump firmly, bolts held in concrete should be used. The bolts will allow the pump to be removed for winter storage or repair if necessary.
 == Costs ==
-&nbsp;Investment costs: the user needs to invest between around $120 to $150 for the pump and piping (depending on local cost of materials and production).After the initial investment there are no costs for using (no fuel or electricity) and only very small costs for maintaining for buying .
+Investment costs: the user needs to invest between around $120 to $150 for the pump and piping (depending on local cost of materials and production).After the initial investment there are no costs for using (no fuel or electricity) and only very small costs for maintaining for buying .
 Well maintained, a ram pump can work for decades. Ram Pumps only have two moving parts, making them virtually maintenance-free and very durable. In 2007 the first ram pumps were invented in the Central Asian region and they are still working properly.
@@ Line 66: / Line 63: @@
 *is powered by the kinetic energy of flowing water
-*it operates by a small rotor slowly making the pump rotate in a stream [[File:Swim pump.JPG|thumb|right|Swim pump.JPG]]
+*it operates by a small rotor slowly making the pump rotate in a stream [[File:Swim pump.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Swim pump.JPG]]
 *water enters the back of the pump and is forced through a coil of plastic tubes, then pushed through a hose into a tank or cistern uphill
 *can be placed in a stream or creek
 *will pump all year through flash floods and frost
 == Technical details and performance ==
@@ Line 86: / Line 79: @@
 *well maintained, a swim pump can work for decades
 *there is virtually no maintenance
 = Technical advantages of the ram and swim pump =
 *Both pumps are very strong for pumping water uphill and they are simple to install and use
-*They can be made and repaired locally using locally available materials, after a training of craftsmen[[File:PICT0127.JPG|thumb|right|PICT0127.JPG]]
+*They can be made and repaired locally using locally available materials, after a training of craftsmen[[File:PICT0127.JPG|thumb|right|180px|PICT0127.JPG]]
 *Both pumps have no running costs because they do not need fuel or electricity, therefore they can be used in remote areas with no electrical supply
-*Very robust technology, low vulnerability, even under adverse conditions.&nbsp;
+*Very robust technology, low vulnerability, even under adverse conditions.
-*These technologies were developed in combination of water storage devices. Furthermore, irrigation pumps and water storage technologies improve irrigation and provide the possibility to carry water over to the dry seasons for strengthening the resilience.&nbsp;
+*These technologies were developed in combination of water storage devices. Furthermore, irrigation pumps and water storage technologies improve irrigation and provide the possibility to carry water over to the dry seasons for strengthening the resilience.
-−
-−
-−
-−
 = Sustainability =
@@ Line 116: / Line 103: @@
 *Food security: enabling the increase of production through irrigation
 *Energy: no artificial energy use for pumping
 = Contact =
-Felix Zeiske, felix.zeiske@giz.de
+agriwaterpedia@giz.de
-= References =
+[[Central_Asia_Regional_Water_Information_Base_Project_(CAREWIB)|Central Asia Regional Water Information Base Project (CAREWIB)]]
-−
-[http://naturalresources-centralasia.org/index.php?id=45 http://naturalresources-centralasia.org/index.php?id=45] (22.05.2012)

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Info  =
@@ Line 64: / Line 66: @@
 *is powered by the kinetic energy of flowing water
 *it operates by a small rotor slowly making the pump rotate in a stream [[Image:Swim pump.JPG|thumb|right|Swim pump.JPG]]
 *water enters the back of the pump and is forced through a coil of plastic tubes, then pushed through a hose into a tank or cistern uphill
 *can be placed in a stream or creek
@@ Line 71: / Line 73: @@
 <br>
 == Technical details and performance  ==
@@ Line 96: / Line 99: @@
 <br>
 = Sustainability  =

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 *is powered by the kinetic energy of flowing water
-*it operates by a small rotor slowly making the pump rotate in a stream
+*it operates by a small rotor slowly making the pump rotate in a stream [[Image:Swim pump.JPG|thumb|right|Swim pump.JPG]]
 *water enters the back of the pump and is forced through a coil of plastic tubes, then pushed through a hose into a tank or cistern uphill
 *can be placed in a stream or creek
 *will pump all year through flash floods and frost
-[[Image:Swim_pump.JPG|thumb|right]]<br>
+<br>
 == Technical details and performance  ==

@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
 *They can be made and repaired locally using locally available materials, after a training of craftsmen
 *Both pumps have no running costs because they do not need fuel or electricity, therefore they can be used in remote areas with no electrical supply
-*Very robust technology, low vulnerability, even under adverse conditions.
+*Very robust technology, low vulnerability, even under adverse conditions. [[Image:PICT0127.JPG|thumb|right|PICT0127.JPG]]
-*These technologies were developed in combination of water storage devices. Furthermore, irrigation pumps and water storage technologies improve irrigation and provide the possibility to carry water over to the dry seasons for strengthening the resilience. <br>[[Image:PICT0127.JPG|thumb|right|PICT0127.JPG]]
+*These technologies were developed in combination of water storage devices. Furthermore, irrigation pumps and water storage technologies improve irrigation and provide the possibility to carry water over to the dry seasons for strengthening the resilience.&nbsp;<br>
 <br>