Water related weeds - Revision history

Avinash Kumar at 11:18, 20 July 2016

2016-07-20T11:18:32Z

Avinash Kumar at 11:18, 20 July 2016

2016-07-20T11:18:03Z

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Kevin Smith: Kevin Smith moved page Systempage:Water related weeds to Water related weeds

2014-12-19T13:36:55Z

Kevin Smith moved page Systempage:Water related weeds to Water related weeds

Kevin Smith at 13:35, 19 December 2014

2014-12-19T13:35:51Z

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Kevin Smith: /* Different types and species of aquatic weeds */

2014-12-19T13:32:26Z

‎Different types and species of aquatic weeds

Kevin Smith at 13:31, 19 December 2014

2014-12-19T13:31:32Z

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Kevin Smith at 13:28, 19 December 2014

2014-12-19T13:28:14Z

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Kevin Smith at 13:25, 19 December 2014

2014-12-19T13:25:10Z

Kevin Smith at 13:19, 19 December 2014

2014-12-19T13:19:40Z

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Kevin Smith at 13:08, 19 December 2014

2014-12-19T13:08:39Z

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+<br/>__noeditsection__
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 [[Category:Excellent]]

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-== Different types and species of aquatic weeds ==
 In many cases, other species than the mentioned ones of the same genus do exist; e. g. Salvinia auriculata, S. molesta, S. natans. Therefore, the identification of the occurring species is necessary in each particular situation before taking any action.
 There are some types of water weeds (Anonymous, Anonymous/AQUAPLANT, ICID):<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 77: / Line 82: @@
-=== Free floating aquatic plants ===
+== Free floating aquatic plants ==
 These float on the water surface and are not attached to the bottom and may form large floating mats. Examples are small plants like Duckweed (Lemna minor), Giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza), Water velvet (Azolla imbricata) and Giant salvinia or Water fern (Salvinia molesta), Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes). The Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a big plant with a great decorative flower. The invasive plant grows in all types of freshwaters and forms large mats that jam rivers and lakes and can seriously interfere with navigation. Anchored Water hyacinth (Eichhornia azurea) is also found throughout Africa. ''Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta, Pistia stratoites ''are some of the most problematic weeds in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.<br/>
@@ Line 84: / Line 89: @@
 <br/>
-=== Submersed aquatic plants ===
+<br/>
 Those plants root in the sediment and usually grow entirely underwater like Hydrilla (''Hydrilla verticillata), Bladderwort (Utricularia flexuosa), ''Waterthread pondweed (Potamogeton diversifolius), Curly-Leaf pondweed (P. crispus) is a troublesome plant forming dense surface mats, Southern naiad (Majas guadalipensis), Parrot-Feather (Myriophyllum brasiliense), Eel grass (Vallisneria americana), Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa) and plants of the genus Elodea, e. g. the Canadian water weed (Elodea canadensis).<br/>
 <br/>
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-=== Emersed (or emergent) plants ===
+== Emersed (or emergent) plants ==
 They are rooted in the bottom, but stems, foliage and flowers extend above the water surface like Cattail (Typha spp.), Besharam (''Ipomea carnea), ''Common reed (P''hragmites communis), ''American lotus (Nelumbo lutea), Water lily (Nymphaea odorata), Pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata), Arrowhead (Sagittaria spp.), Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) can lead to serious problems in irrigation canals and wetlands.<br/>
@@ Line 100: / Line 113: @@
 <br/>
-=== Algae in shallow water submerged ===
+<br/>
 In some cases, Algae can be considered as weeds. Unlike other aquatic plants, they do not produce flowers or seeds. Possibly important algae are: Blue green algae (''Anabaena ''spp.), Musk grass (''Chara zeylanica), Stone wort (Nitella hyalina), Slimy green algae (Spirogyra ''spp.).<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 109: / Line 130: @@
-=== Amphibious species of marshes or swampy areas ===
+== Amphibious species of marshes or swampy areas ==
 There are situations where vast areas of land remain inundated with water for long periods of time, and may only dry out in severe drought conditions (marshes or swampy areas). They support a different type of vegetation which may include weeds that are capable of growing under both flooded and saturated conditions. Those species are: Alligator weed (''Alternanthera philoxeroides''), Pepper west (''Marsilea minuta), Wild mud plantain (Meteranthera limosa), Paragrass (Panicum perpurascens) and Water paspalum (Paspalum fluitans).''

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 *Theoretically, aquatic weeds could be used for biogas production which is however still difficult to manage (collection of the great biomass of plants).
 *Many aquatic plants may play temporarily a beneficial role in reducing agricultural, domestic and industrial pollution.
-*Aquatic weeds may be useful by providing continuous supply of phytoplankton and help fish production.<br/>
+*Aquatic weeds may be useful by providing continuous supply of phytoplankton and help fish production.
-= Aquatic weeds in different regions<br/> =
+= Aquatic weeds in different regions =
 The world’s total irrigated area was 249.5 m ha in 1997 (FAO 2000, quoted by ICID) which is 17.2% of total arable land. It is this land which provides sustained and assured productivity of crops and employs high input returns. Irrigation depends on the water availability in storages, tanks, lakes, rivers, canals etc. However, these are often infested by aquatic plants which cause manifold problems. The presence of excessive aquatic vegetation influences the management of water in natural waterways, man-made canals and reservoirs which amounts to millions of kilometres / square kilometers of such water bodies around the world. Irrigation canals, drainage ditches, ponds, rivers and lakes can be affected by plants which may block dams and waterways and impede irrigation as well as drainage.
 India has 1.2 m ha under irrigation canals and more than 4 m ha under water in reservoirs, ponds and tanks and the largest canal network in the world where the velocity of flowing water is reduced by about 30 - 40 percent due to the presence of aquatic weeds.
-<br/>The worldwide distribution of aquatic weed species is described by ICID. A selection of effected countries follows below.
+The worldwide distribution of aquatic weed species is described by ICID. A selection of effected countries follows below.
 Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe.
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 Others: Australia, Europe, North America.
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 *'''Free floating aquatic plants'''<br/>
 These float on the water surface and are not attached to the bottom and may form large floating mats. Examples are small plants like Duckweed (Lemna minor), Giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza), Water velvet (Azolla imbricata) and Giant salvinia or Water fern (Salvinia molesta), Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes). The Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a big plant with a great decorative flower. The invasive plant grows in all types of freshwaters and forms large mats that jam rivers and lakes and can seriously interfere with navigation. Anchored Water hyacinth (Eichhornia azurea) is also found throughout Africa. ''Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta, Pistia stratoites ''are some of the most problematic weeds in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
@@ Line 67: / Line 59: @@
 *'''Emersed (or emergent) plants'''
-They are rooted in the bottom, but stems, foliage and flowers extend above the water surface like Cattail (Typha spp.), Besharam (''Ipomea carnea), ''Common reed (P''hragmites communis), ''American lotus (Nelumbo lutea), Water lily (Nymphaea odorata), Pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata), Arrowhead (Sagittaria spp.), Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) can lead to serious problems in irrigation canals and wetlands.<br/>
+They are rooted in the bottom, but stems, foliage and flowers extend above the water surface like Cattail (Typha spp.), Besharam (''Ipomea carnea), ''Common reed (P''hragmites communis), ''American lotus (Nelumbo lutea), Water lily (Nymphaea odorata), Pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata), Arrowhead (Sagittaria spp.), Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) can lead to serious problems in irrigation canals and wetlands.
 *'''Algae in shallow water submerged'''
-*'''Algae in shallow water submerged'''<br/>
+In some cases, Algae can be considered as weeds. Unlike other aquatic plants, they do not produce flowers or seeds. Possibly important algae are: Blue green algae (''Anabaena ''spp.), Musk grass (''Chara zeylanica), Stone wort (Nitella hyalina), Slimy green algae (Spirogyra ''spp.).
-In some cases, Algae can be considered as weeds. Unlike other aquatic plants, they do not produce flowers or seeds. Possibly important algae are: Blue green algae (''Anabaena ''spp.), Musk grass (''Chara zeylanica), Stone wort (Nitella hyalina), Slimy green algae (Spirogyra ''spp.).<br/>
-−
-<br/>
-*'''Amphibious species of marshes or swampy areas'''<br/>
+*'''Amphibious species of marshes or swampy areas'''
-There are situations where vast areas of land remain inundated with water for long periods of time, and may only dry out in severe drought conditions (marshes or swampy areas). They support a different type of vegetation which may include weeds that are capable of growing under both flooded and saturated conditions. Those species are: Alligator weed (''Alternanthera philoxeroides''), Pepper west (''Marsilea minuta), Wild mud plantain (Meteranthera limosa), Paragrass (Panicum perpurascens) and Water paspalum (Paspalum fluitans).''<br/>
+There are situations where vast areas of land remain inundated with water for long periods of time, and may only dry out in severe drought conditions (marshes or swampy areas). They support a different type of vegetation which may include weeds that are capable of growing under both flooded and saturated conditions. Those species are: Alligator weed (''Alternanthera philoxeroides''), Pepper west (''Marsilea minuta), Wild mud plantain (Meteranthera limosa), Paragrass (Panicum perpurascens) and Water paspalum (Paspalum fluitans).''
-−
-<br/>
-−
-<br/>
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-<br/><br/>
+<br/>
 ''Large scale infestation of Ipomea carnea in water tanks in Maharashtra,India.'' (ICID, fig. 17, p. 31)
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 <br/>
 Considering the losses caused, it is essential to keep aquatic weeds under control in water bodies, flow water systems, ponds and tanks so that these systems can be utilized to best of their efficiency. Appropriate management of water from source to its utilization is necessary to sustain the normal function of life. The management plan is dependent upon correctly identifying the problem weed(s), (secondary) use of water, environment protection, feasibility of logistics and operational costs.
-Long-term weed control is a challenge and can only be achieved by using a combination of recommended methods. Complete removal (eradication) of water plants is practically impossible under normal conditions. The accumulated weight of biomass can be too great or small plants and their seeds cannot be collected everywhere. The situation must be continually managed to reduce the mats. In broader sense, weed “control” means keeping the weed infestation at a level where they do not cause economic damage. The integrated management combines preventive and control measures of existing infestation (ICID; Shelton, J. L. and Murphy, T. R.). For India, Suresh, C. J. recommends an ample management approach comprising surveys, research, awareness creation among the population, establishment of a coordination committee etc.,
+Long-term weed control is a challenge and can only be achieved by using a combination of recommended methods. Complete removal (eradication) of water plants is practically impossible under normal conditions. The accumulated weight of biomass can be too great or small plants and their seeds cannot be collected everywhere. The situation must be continually managed to reduce the mats. In broader sense, weed “control” means keeping the weed infestation at a level where they do not cause economic damage. The integrated management combines preventive and control measures of existing infestation (ICID; Shelton, J. L. and Murphy, T. R.). For India, Suresh, C. J. recommends an ample management approach comprising surveys, research, awareness creation among the population, establishment of a coordination committee etc.
-−
-<br/>
 Quarantine regulations try to avoid the introduction or spread of a weed in a certain region or limit the weed occurrence to a small area where it can possibly be eradicated. Irrigation water often carries the seeds of aquatic weeds such as ''Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, ''and ''Salvinia molesta''. It is important to control weeds near and in reservoirs and irrigation canals to prevent them from shedding seeds into the water (ICID).
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 [[Category:Resource_Management]]

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 = Water related weeds - in irrigation and drainage systems<br/> =
 <br/>
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 '''''Negative effects of weeds in water systems:'''''<br/>
 <br/>
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 '''''Beneficial effects of aquatic weed species can occur as well:'''''<br/>
 <br/>
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 *Many aquatic plants may play temporarily a beneficial role in reducing agricultural, domestic and industrial pollution.
 *Aquatic weeds may be useful by providing continuous supply of phytoplankton and help fish production.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 65: / Line 73: @@
 Others: Australia, Europe, North America.
 <br/>
@@ Line 75: / Line 85: @@
 There are some types of water weeds (Anonymous, Anonymous/AQUAPLANT, ICID):
 <br/>
@@ Line 81: / Line 93: @@
 *'''Free floating aquatic plants'''<br/>
 These float on the water surface and are not attached to the bottom and may form large floating mats. Examples are small plants like Duckweed (Lemna minor), Giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza), Water velvet (Azolla imbricata) and Giant salvinia or Water fern (Salvinia molesta), Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes). The Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a big plant with a great decorative flower. The invasive plant grows in all types of freshwaters and forms large mats that jam rivers and lakes and can seriously interfere with navigation. Anchored Water hyacinth (Eichhornia azurea) is also found throughout Africa. ''Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta, Pistia stratoites ''are some of the most problematic weeds in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 87: / Line 101: @@
 *'''Submersed aquatic plants'''<br/>
 Those plants root in the sediment and usually grow entirely underwater like Hydrilla (''Hydrilla verticillata), Bladderwort (Utricularia flexuosa), ''Waterthread pondweed (Potamogeton diversifolius), Curly-Leaf pondweed (P. crispus) is a troublesome plant forming dense surface mats, Southern naiad (Majas guadalipensis), Parrot-Feather (Myriophyllum brasiliense), Eel grass (Vallisneria americana), Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa) and plants of the genus Elodea, e. g. the Canadian water weed (Elodea canadensis).<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 93: / Line 109: @@
 *'''Emersed (or emergent) plants'''<br/>
 They are rooted in the bottom, but stems, foliage and flowers extend above the water surface like Cattail (Typha spp.), Besharam (''Ipomea carnea), ''Common reed (P''hragmites communis), ''American lotus (Nelumbo lutea), Water lily (Nymphaea odorata), Pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata), Arrowhead (Sagittaria spp.), Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) can lead to serious problems in irrigation canals and wetlands.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 99: / Line 117: @@
 *'''Algae in shallow water submerged'''<br/>
 In some cases, Algae can be considered as weeds. Unlike other aquatic plants, they do not produce flowers or seeds. Possibly important algae are: Blue green algae (''Anabaena ''spp.), Musk grass (''Chara zeylanica), Stone wort (Nitella hyalina), Slimy green algae (Spirogyra ''spp.).<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 105: / Line 125: @@
 *'''Amphibious species of marshes or swampy areas'''<br/>
 There are situations where vast areas of land remain inundated with water for long periods of time, and may only dry out in severe drought conditions (marshes or swampy areas). They support a different type of vegetation which may include weeds that are capable of growing under both flooded and saturated conditions. Those species are: Alligator weed (''Alternanthera philoxeroides''), Pepper west (''Marsilea minuta), Wild mud plantain (Meteranthera limosa), Paragrass (Panicum perpurascens) and Water paspalum (Paspalum fluitans).''<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 132: / Line 154: @@
 <br/>
+<br/><br/>
 <br/>
 ''Large scale infestation of Ipomea carnea in water tanks in Maharashtra,''
@@ Line 219: / Line 240: @@
 <br/>
 [[Category:Resource_Management]]