Water sources - Revision history

Avinash Kumar at 09:22, 27 May 2016

2016-05-27T09:22:52Z

Irena Irmler at 10:49, 20 February 2014

2014-02-20T10:49:29Z

Jana Herold at 10:36, 16 April 2013

2013-04-16T10:36:11Z

Jana Herold at 10:34, 16 April 2013

2013-04-16T10:34:29Z

Jana Herold: /* Blue water */

2013-04-16T10:32:50Z

‎Blue water

Jana Herold at 10:32, 16 April 2013

2013-04-16T10:32:31Z

Jana Herold at 10:32, 16 April 2013

2013-04-16T10:32:03Z

Jana Herold at 10:31, 16 April 2013

2013-04-16T10:31:31Z

Jana Herold at 10:30, 16 April 2013

2013-04-16T10:30:36Z

Jana Herold at 10:30, 16 April 2013

2013-04-16T10:30:00Z

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 = Blue water =
-Blue water is run-off water that reaches fresh water storage systems such as rivers, lakes, wetlands and groundwater. Blue water can be stored and used for a specific purpose such as human consumption (drinking water); industrial consumption (including hydropower); or irrigating agricultural crops to produce food and other biomass. In some regions of the world, such as the Middle East, blue water is sometimes the exclusive source of water due to the [[Dryland_farming|arid]] conditions in deserts. Blue water is often the source of water that the public associates with competition and even conflict. When used in irrigation systems, blue water has the highest productivity of all water sources.<ref name="Hoff">Holger Hoff. 2010. The global water challenge – Modeling green and blue water. Journal of Hydrology 384 (2010) 175–176.</ref><ref name="UNEP">United Nations Environmental Programme. 2004. Water Chapter. In Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. UNEP: Geneva. (online) http://www.unep.org/pdf/water/WAT-Water_KB_17.08_PRINT_EDITION.2011.pdf (accessed 22 August 2012). </ref>
+Blue water is run-off water that reaches fresh water storage systems such as rivers, lakes, wetlands and groundwater. Blue water can be stored and used for a specific purpose such as human consumption (drinking water); industrial consumption (including hydropower); or irrigating agricultural crops to produce food and other biomass. In some regions of the world, such as the Middle East, blue water is sometimes the exclusive source of water due to the [[Dryland farming|arid]] conditions in deserts. Blue water is often the source of water that the public associates with competition and even conflict. When used in irrigation systems, blue water has the highest productivity of all water sources.<ref name="Hoff">Holger Hoff. 2010. The global water challenge – Modeling green and blue water. Journal of Hydrology 384 (2010) 175–176.</ref><ref name="UNEP">United Nations Environmental Programme. 2004. Water Chapter. In Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. UNEP: Geneva. (online) http://www.unep.org/pdf/water/WAT-Water_KB_17.08_PRINT_EDITION.2011.pdf (accessed 22 August 2012). </ref>
 [[File:Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png|left|581px|alt=Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png]]
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 [http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html]
 [[Category:Excellent]]

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 = Blue water =
-Blue water is run-off water that reaches fresh water storage systems such as rivers, lakes, wetlands and groundwater. Blue water can be stored and used for a specific purpose such as human consumption (drinking water); industrial consumption (including hydropower); or irrigating agricultural crops to produce food and other biomass. In some regions of the world, such as the Middle East, blue water is sometimes the exclusive source of water due to the arid conditions in deserts. Blue water is often the source of water that the public associates with competition and even conflict. When used in irrigation systems, blue water has the highest productivity of all water sources.<ref name="Hoff">Holger Hoff. 2010. The global water challenge – Modeling green and blue water. Journal of Hydrology 384 (2010) 175–176.</ref><ref name="UNEP">United Nations Environmental Programme. 2004. Water Chapter. In Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. UNEP: Geneva. (online) http://www.unep.org/pdf/water/WAT-Water_KB_17.08_PRINT_EDITION.2011.pdf (accessed 22 August 2012). </ref>
+Blue water is run-off water that reaches fresh water storage systems such as rivers, lakes, wetlands and groundwater. Blue water can be stored and used for a specific purpose such as human consumption (drinking water); industrial consumption (including hydropower); or irrigating agricultural crops to produce food and other biomass. In some regions of the world, such as the Middle East, blue water is sometimes the exclusive source of water due to the [[Dryland_farming|arid]] conditions in deserts. Blue water is often the source of water that the public associates with competition and even conflict. When used in irrigation systems, blue water has the highest productivity of all water sources.<ref name="Hoff">Holger Hoff. 2010. The global water challenge – Modeling green and blue water. Journal of Hydrology 384 (2010) 175–176.</ref><ref name="UNEP">United Nations Environmental Programme. 2004. Water Chapter. In Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. UNEP: Geneva. (online) http://www.unep.org/pdf/water/WAT-Water_KB_17.08_PRINT_EDITION.2011.pdf (accessed 22 August 2012). </ref>
 [[File:Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png|left|581px|alt=Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png]]
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 = Links =
 [http://www.giz.de/Themen/en/SID-1B641055-30093541/8537.htm http://www.giz.de/Themen/en/SID-1B641055-30093541/8537.htm]
 [http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html]

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 16 April 2013
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		+	[http://www.giz.de/Themen/en/SID-1B641055-30093541/8537.htm http://www.giz.de/Themen/en/SID-1B641055-30093541/8537.htm]
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		+	[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html]

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 Figure 2: Conceptualisation<ref name="Falkenmark">Malin Falkenmark and Johan Rockström. 2006. ”The New Blue and Green Water Paradigm: Breaking New Ground for Water Resources Planning and Management.” Journal for Water Resource Planning and Management, 132(3), 129–132.</ref>
 = Blue water =
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 Figure 3: Blue and green water<ref name="Rogers">Peter Rogers. 2008. Facing the Freshwater Crisis. Scientific American August 2008. </ref>
 Figure 3 shows the proportions of blue and green water. Blue water is found in the flows and storages of freshwater, at the surface and in groundwater aquifers. Green water, i.e. the majority of the water in the terrestrial environment and associated with vegetation, is mainly found in soil profiles, in plants and crops. Green water cycles through the hydrological cycle in the soil profile, as stemflow in plants and via the process of evapotranspiration. All green water is invisible. Most of the blue water is groundwater and is also invisible. Only a tiny proportion of the water in the terrestrial environment is visible, with only 1.5% is used by people.
 = Grey water =

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 Figure 2: Conceptualisation<ref name="Falkenmark">Malin Falkenmark and Johan Rockström. 2006. ”The New Blue and Green Water Paradigm: Breaking New Ground for Water Resources Planning and Management.” Journal for Water Resource Planning and Management, 132(3), 129–132.</ref>
 = Blue water =
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 [[File:Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png|left|581px|alt=Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png]]
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 Figure 3 shows the proportions of blue and green water. Blue water is found in the flows and storages of freshwater, at the surface and in groundwater aquifers. Green water, i.e. the majority of the water in the terrestrial environment and associated with vegetation, is mainly found in soil profiles, in plants and crops. Green water cycles through the hydrological cycle in the soil profile, as stemflow in plants and via the process of evapotranspiration. All green water is invisible. Most of the blue water is groundwater and is also invisible. Only a tiny proportion of the water in the terrestrial environment is visible, with only 1.5% is used by people.
 = Grey water =

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-<br/>Figure 3: Blue and green water<ref name="Rogers">Peter Rogers. 2008. Facing the Freshwater Crisis. Scientific American August 2008. </ref>
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 Figure 3 shows the proportions of blue and green water. Blue water is found in the flows and storages of freshwater, at the surface and in groundwater aquifers. Green water, i.e. the majority of the water in the terrestrial environment and associated with vegetation, is mainly found in soil profiles, in plants and crops. Green water cycles through the hydrological cycle in the soil profile, as stemflow in plants and via the process of evapotranspiration. All green water is invisible. Most of the blue water is groundwater and is also invisible. Only a tiny proportion of the water in the terrestrial environment is visible, with only 1.5% is used by people.

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+<br/>Figure 1: <span lang="en-gb">The hydrological cycle</span>
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 Figure 1: <span lang="en-gb">The hydrological cycle</span>
 = Green water =
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+<br/>Figure 3: Blue and green water<ref name="Rogers">Peter Rogers. 2008. Facing the Freshwater Crisis. Scientific American August 2008. </ref>
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 Figure 3: Blue and green water<ref name="Rogers">Peter Rogers. 2008. Facing the Freshwater Crisis. Scientific American August 2008. </ref>
 Figure 3 shows the proportions of blue and green water. Blue water is found in the flows and storages of freshwater, at the surface and in groundwater aquifers. Green water, i.e. the majority of the water in the terrestrial environment and associated with vegetation, is mainly found in soil profiles, in plants and crops. Green water cycles through the hydrological cycle in the soil profile, as stemflow in plants and via the process of evapotranspiration. All green water is invisible. Most of the blue water is groundwater and is also invisible. Only a tiny proportion of the water in the terrestrial environment is visible, with only 1.5% is used by people.

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 [[File:The hydrological cycle.png|left|336px|alt=The hydrological cycle.png]]
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 [[File:Conceptualisation.png|left|325px|alt=Conceptualisation.png]]
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 Blue water is run-off water that reaches fresh water storage systems such as rivers, lakes, wetlands and groundwater. Blue water can be stored and used for a specific purpose such as human consumption (drinking water); industrial consumption (including hydropower); or irrigating agricultural crops to produce food and other biomass. In some regions of the world, such as the Middle East, blue water is sometimes the exclusive source of water due to the arid conditions in deserts. Blue water is often the source of water that the public associates with competition and even conflict. When used in irrigation systems, blue water has the highest productivity of all water sources.<ref name="Hoff">Holger Hoff. 2010. The global water challenge – Modeling green and blue water. Journal of Hydrology 384 (2010) 175–176.</ref><ref name="UNEP">United Nations Environmental Programme. 2004. Water Chapter. In Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. UNEP: Geneva. (online) http://www.unep.org/pdf/water/WAT-Water_KB_17.08_PRINT_EDITION.2011.pdf (accessed 22 August 2012). </ref>
-[[File:Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png|left|364px|alt=Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png]]
+[[File:Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png|left|581px|alt=Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png]]

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 The circulation of the water from the earth to the atmosphere and back is called the “water cycle” or “hydrological cycle”. The recharge of water into our ecosystems and availability for human consumption involves five stages: 1) the energy of the sun leads to an '''evaporation''' of water from lakes, rivers, vegetation and oceans from where it is 2) '''transported''' to the atmosphere in order to be 3) '''condensed''' as tiny droplets in clouds. 4) The water in clouds then returns to the earth via '''precipitation, '''which 5) either moistures soils to nourish '''vegetation to produce biomass, '''or flows downhill as '''run-off''' to either recharge '''groundwater''' or surface water storage systems such as rivers, lakes and oceans. From here it evaporates again to restart the water cycle.<ref name="Beddow">Victoria Beddow. 2010. The Hydrological Cycle. In International Water Association Water Wiki. (online) http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/WaterCycle (accessed 22 August 2012). ‬</ref>
-[[File:The hydrological cycle.png|left|336px]]
+[[File:The hydrological cycle.png|left|336px|alt=The hydrological cycle.png]]
-Figure 1: <span lang="en-gb" style="font-family: &quot;times","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times; mso-bidi-font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: en-gb; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">The hydrological cycle</span>
 = Green water =
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 Precipitation is therefore the “ultimate” water source that reaches the land cover. However, the question that arises is where and how this water can be made of use for biomass production. Falkenmark and Rockstrom (2006)<ref name="Falkenmark">Malin Falkenmark and Johan Rockström. 2006. ”The New Blue and Green Water Paradigm: Breaking New Ground for Water Resources Planning and Management.” Journal for Water Resource Planning and Management, 132(3), 129–132.</ref> have provided a conceptualisation (Figure 1) to further enhance the impacts of the water cycle. The water that reaches the unsaturated zone or root-zone of plants in soils is called green water. Green water has two parts: transpiration, the productive component that produces biomass; and evapotranspiration, the non-productive component that evaporates into the atmosphere. The subsequent water balance at any point is a measure of the water supply from incoming rainfall minus losses from outgoing evapotranspiration.<ref name="Mulligan">Mark Mulligan et al.2011. “Water availability and use across the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) basins”. Water International, 36: 1, 17-41.</ref> Green water plays the most important role in biomass production. However, not all parts of the world are endowed with similar patterns of precipitation, and this unequal distribution is further being exacerbated by climate change. Green water cannot be diverted to different uses other than biomass production.<ref name="UNEP">United Nations Environmental Programme. 2004. Water Chapter. In Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. UNEP: Geneva. (online) http://www.unep.org/pdf/water/WAT-Water_KB_17.08_PRINT_EDITION.2011.pdf (accessed 22 August 2012). </ref>
-[[File:Conceptualisation.png|left|325px]]
+[[File:Conceptualisation.png|left|325px|alt=Conceptualisation.png]]
 Figure 2: Conceptualisation<ref name="Falkenmark">Malin Falkenmark and Johan Rockström. 2006. ”The New Blue and Green Water Paradigm: Breaking New Ground for Water Resources Planning and Management.” Journal for Water Resource Planning and Management, 132(3), 129–132.</ref>
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 Blue water is run-off water that reaches fresh water storage systems such as rivers, lakes, wetlands and groundwater. Blue water can be stored and used for a specific purpose such as human consumption (drinking water); industrial consumption (including hydropower); or irrigating agricultural crops to produce food and other biomass. In some regions of the world, such as the Middle East, blue water is sometimes the exclusive source of water due to the arid conditions in deserts. Blue water is often the source of water that the public associates with competition and even conflict. When used in irrigation systems, blue water has the highest productivity of all water sources.<ref name="Hoff">Holger Hoff. 2010. The global water challenge – Modeling green and blue water. Journal of Hydrology 384 (2010) 175–176.</ref><ref name="UNEP">United Nations Environmental Programme. 2004. Water Chapter. In Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. UNEP: Geneva. (online) http://www.unep.org/pdf/water/WAT-Water_KB_17.08_PRINT_EDITION.2011.pdf (accessed 22 August 2012). </ref>
-[[File:Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png|left|364px]]
+[[File:Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png|left|364px|alt=Blue and green water Rogers 2008.png]]
 Figure 3: Blue and green water<ref name="Rogers">Peter Rogers. 2008. Facing the Freshwater Crisis. Scientific American August 2008. </ref>