Water user associations - Revision history

Irena Irmler at 10:41, 21 February 2014

2014-02-21T10:41:35Z

Irena Irmler at 13:25, 20 February 2014

2014-02-20T13:25:09Z

Irena Irmler at 17:18, 19 December 2013

2013-12-19T17:18:00Z

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Jana Herold: /* GIZ approach */

2013-02-19T09:17:22Z

‎GIZ approach

Jana Herold at 09:16, 19 February 2013

2013-02-19T09:16:43Z

Jana Herold: /* Additional Information */

2013-02-19T09:15:38Z

‎Additional Information

Jana Herold: /* Additional Information */

2013-02-19T09:15:17Z

‎Additional Information

Jana Herold: /* GIZ approach */

2013-02-19T09:14:52Z

‎GIZ approach

Jana Herold at 09:13, 19 February 2013

2013-02-19T09:13:01Z

Jana Herold at 13:01, 18 February 2013

2013-02-18T13:01:26Z

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 The establishment of WUAs marks “a transfer of responsibilities and authority from the political level (government agencies) to non-governmental organisations”.<ref name="FAO">Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit and International Water Management Institute (1999): Transfer of Management Services Guidelines. FAO: Rome.</ref> WUAs manage water at the lowest level in a participatory and democratic manner (see table below), where the users of water, namely farmers, can elect leaders, collect water fees, implement maintenance and resolve potential conflicts over water use internally. It marks an alternative to other organisational forms governed by either the public or private sector.
-The organisational concept was first introduced by Elinor Ostrom et al. in “Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources” (1994) to propose how to govern scarce resources at the lowest level of decision making and use.<ref name="Ostrom">Ostrom, Elinor, Gardner, Roy and Walker, James (editors) (1994): Rules, Games, and Common Pool Resources. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.</ref> In the development sector, the WUA concept has found widespread acceptance amongst many leading organisations involved in water governance strategies, such as GIZ, FAO, IWMI, and the World Bank, in order to effectively govern water resources pressurised by climate change and over-allocation. Results from the field have shown that if water users themselves directly decide the use of water, the performance of irrigation schemes increases, thus providing social and economic incentives to farmers to manage water more effectively (see section 3).
+The organisational concept was first introduced by Elinor Ostrom et al. in “Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources” (1994) to propose how to govern scarce resources at the lowest level of decision making and use.<ref name="Ostrom">Ostrom, Elinor, Gardner, Roy and Walker, James (editors) (1994): Rules, Games, and Common Pool Resources. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.</ref> In the development sector, the WUA concept has found widespread acceptance amongst many leading organisations involved in water governance strategies, such as GIZ, FAO, IWMI, and the World Bank, in order to effectively govern water resources pressurised by climate change and over-[[Water_Development_and_Allocation|allocation]]. Results from the field have shown that if water users themselves directly decide the use of water, the performance of irrigation schemes increases, thus providing social and economic incentives to farmers to manage water more effectively (see section 3).
-WUAs have been implemented in various countries across the world. Each country’s needs and prerequisites must be thoroughly assessed before the first phase is launched. The social fabric of each country must be considered with great care. For example, the establishment processes of WUAs in African countries around small dams such as Burkina Faso were specifically designed to promote a pro-[[Water_Governance_and_Women|gender]] approach.<ref name="PEBASO">Ministère de l'Agriculture, de l’Hydraulique et des Ressources Halieutiques a Burkina Faso (2003): Projet “Petits Barrages du Sud-Ouest" (PEBASO). Ouagadougou: GTZ.</ref> In addition, environmental analyses of water availability, the application of agronomic tools such as crop water requirements, and analyses of soil structures must play a pivotal role in the advisory services provided to the executing authorities that establish WUAs.<ref name="Ministry">Ministry of Agriculture Natural Resource Sector (2011): Guideline on Irrigation Agronomy - A Tripartite Cooperation between Germany, Israel and Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: GIZ.</ref>
+WUAs have been implemented in various countries across the world. Each country’s needs and prerequisites must be thoroughly assessed before the first phase is launched. The social fabric of each country must be considered with great care. For example, the establishment processes of WUAs in African countries around small dams such as Burkina Faso were specifically designed to promote a pro-[[Water Governance and Women|gender]] approach.<ref name="PEBASO">Ministère de l'Agriculture, de l’Hydraulique et des Ressources Halieutiques a Burkina Faso (2003): Projet “Petits Barrages du Sud-Ouest" (PEBASO). Ouagadougou: GTZ.</ref> In addition, environmental analyses of water availability, the application of agronomic tools such as crop water requirements, and analyses of soil structures must play a pivotal role in the advisory services provided to the executing authorities that establish WUAs.<ref name="Ministry">Ministry of Agriculture Natural Resource Sector (2011): Guideline on Irrigation Agronomy - A Tripartite Cooperation between Germany, Israel and Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: GIZ.</ref>
 A wide range of water user organisations has existed for centuries across the world, governed by a variety of legal facets. Today, traditional legal governance forms of watershed management pose particularly significant challenges to modern forms of WUAs due to the collision of customary law application with that of modern law.<ref name="Directorate">Ministry of Agriculture Natural Resources Management Directorate (2011): Small-Scale Irrigation Situation Analysis and Capacity Needs Assessment - A Tripartite Cooperation between Germany, Israel and Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: GIZ.</ref>The challenges and risks of modern adaptations of WUAs in developing countries such as Ethiopia will be outlined in section 4.
@@ Line 197: / Line 197: @@
 GIZ in Egypt: [http://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/319.html http://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/319.html] [2013-02-18].
 [[Category:Enabling_Environment]]

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 The organisational concept was first introduced by Elinor Ostrom et al. in “Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources” (1994) to propose how to govern scarce resources at the lowest level of decision making and use.<ref name="Ostrom">Ostrom, Elinor, Gardner, Roy and Walker, James (editors) (1994): Rules, Games, and Common Pool Resources. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.</ref> In the development sector, the WUA concept has found widespread acceptance amongst many leading organisations involved in water governance strategies, such as GIZ, FAO, IWMI, and the World Bank, in order to effectively govern water resources pressurised by climate change and over-allocation. Results from the field have shown that if water users themselves directly decide the use of water, the performance of irrigation schemes increases, thus providing social and economic incentives to farmers to manage water more effectively (see section 3).
-WUAs have been implemented in various countries across the world. Each country’s needs and prerequisites must be thoroughly assessed before the first phase is launched. The social fabric of each country must be considered with great care. For example, the establishment processes of WUAs in African countries around small dams such as Burkina Faso were specifically designed to promote a pro-gender approach.<ref name="PEBASO">Ministère de l'Agriculture, de l’Hydraulique et des Ressources Halieutiques a Burkina Faso (2003): Projet “Petits Barrages du Sud-Ouest" (PEBASO). Ouagadougou: GTZ.</ref> In addition, environmental analyses of water availability, the application of agronomic tools such as crop water requirements, and analyses of soil structures must play a pivotal role in the advisory services provided to the executing authorities that establish WUAs.<ref name="Ministry">Ministry of Agriculture Natural Resource Sector (2011): Guideline on Irrigation Agronomy - A Tripartite Cooperation between Germany, Israel and Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: GIZ.</ref>
+WUAs have been implemented in various countries across the world. Each country’s needs and prerequisites must be thoroughly assessed before the first phase is launched. The social fabric of each country must be considered with great care. For example, the establishment processes of WUAs in African countries around small dams such as Burkina Faso were specifically designed to promote a pro-[[Water_Governance_and_Women|gender]] approach.<ref name="PEBASO">Ministère de l'Agriculture, de l’Hydraulique et des Ressources Halieutiques a Burkina Faso (2003): Projet “Petits Barrages du Sud-Ouest" (PEBASO). Ouagadougou: GTZ.</ref> In addition, environmental analyses of water availability, the application of agronomic tools such as crop water requirements, and analyses of soil structures must play a pivotal role in the advisory services provided to the executing authorities that establish WUAs.<ref name="Ministry">Ministry of Agriculture Natural Resource Sector (2011): Guideline on Irrigation Agronomy - A Tripartite Cooperation between Germany, Israel and Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: GIZ.</ref>
 A wide range of water user organisations has existed for centuries across the world, governed by a variety of legal facets. Today, traditional legal governance forms of watershed management pose particularly significant challenges to modern forms of WUAs due to the collision of customary law application with that of modern law.<ref name="Directorate">Ministry of Agriculture Natural Resources Management Directorate (2011): Small-Scale Irrigation Situation Analysis and Capacity Needs Assessment - A Tripartite Cooperation between Germany, Israel and Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: GIZ.</ref>The challenges and risks of modern adaptations of WUAs in developing countries such as Ethiopia will be outlined in section 4.
@@ Line 134: / Line 134: @@
 = GIZ approach =
-GIZ has actively engaged in the [[International_policy_dialogue|international debate]] in the development sector to promote the application of WUAs in developing countries. As a result, four phases have been identified for the successful development of WUAs.<ref name="GIZTS">Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (2010): Topic Sheet: German-Jordanian Programme – Management of Water Resources: Water Users’ Associations. Eschborn: GTZ.fckLRhttp://star-www.giz.de/dokumente/bib-2010/gtz2010-3095en-water-user-associations-wua.pdffckLR[2013-02-18].</ref>
+GIZ has actively engaged in the [[International policy dialogue|international debate]] in the development sector to promote the application of WUAs in developing countries. As a result, four phases have been identified for the successful development of WUAs.<ref name="GIZTS">Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (2010): Topic Sheet: German-Jordanian Programme – Management of Water Resources: Water Users’ Associations. Eschborn: GTZ.fckLRhttp://star-www.giz.de/dokumente/bib-2010/gtz2010-3095en-water-user-associations-wua.pdffckLR[2013-02-18].</ref>
 [[File:GIZ Water User Associations.png|center|368px|alt=GIZ Water User Associations.png]]
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 [[Category:Excellent]]

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 Source:FAO, GTZ and IWMI (1999) p.41.<ref name="FAO">Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit and International Water Management Institute (1999): Transfer of Management Services Guidelines. FAO: Rome.</ref>
 = GIZ approach =
-GIZ has actively engaged in the international debate in the development sector to promote the application of WUAs in developing countries. As a result, four phases have been identified for the successful development of WUAs.<ref name="GIZTS">Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (2010): Topic Sheet: German-Jordanian Programme – Management of Water Resources: Water Users’ Associations. Eschborn: GTZ.fckLRhttp://star-www.giz.de/dokumente/bib-2010/gtz2010-3095en-water-user-associations-wua.pdffckLR[2013-02-18].</ref>
+GIZ has actively engaged in the international debate in the development sector to promote the application of WUAs in developing countries. As a result, four phases have been identified for the successful development of WUAs.<ref name="GIZTS">Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (2010): Topic Sheet: German-Jordanian Programme – Management of Water Resources: Water Users’ Associations. Eschborn: GTZ.
 [[File:GIZ Water User Associations.png|center|368px|alt=GIZ Water User Associations.png]]
-<p style="text-align: center;">Source: GTZ (2010)<ref name="GIZTS">Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (2010): Topic Sheet: German-Jordanian Programme – Management of Water Resources: Water Users’ Associations. Eschborn: GTZ.fckLRhttp://star-www.giz.de/dokumente/bib-2010/gtz2010-3095en-water-user-associations-wua.pdffckLR[2013-02-18].</ref></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Source: GTZ (2010)<ref name="GIZTS">Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (2010): Topic Sheet: German-Jordanian Programme – Management of Water Resources: Water Users’ Associations. Eschborn: GTZ.
 *'''Phase 1''' begins with an analysis of the existing performance gaps in an irrigation scheme, followed by a sensitive solicitation of government support for a transfer of responsibilities from a government institution to a non-governmental WUA. This phase is also called “confidence building among all stakeholders”, which can range from members of government to farmers. If all stakeholders can be convinced,
 *'''Phase 2''' is the establishment of the institutional settings. Commissions, representational of all stakeholders, are advised on how the strategic reform can be coordinated. As in Phase 1, there is a need for the technical advisors to apply constant consensus building methods throughout the establishment of WUAs. During this process stakeholders meet and discuss together the required changes in workshops, seminars and other meetings. Stakeholders also meet and discuss with political decision makers, as well as convey their local knowledge to the involved external technical advisors from GIZ.
@@ Line 142: / Line 147: @@
 GIZ advises the devolution of water management powers in various countries across the world, e.g. Jordan, Egypt, Ethiopia and Burkina Faso.
 = Good practice example from Jordan =

@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 Source:FAO, GTZ and IWMI (1999) p.41.<ref name="FAO">Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit and International Water Management Institute (1999): Transfer of Management Services Guidelines. FAO: Rome.</ref>
 = GIZ approach =
-GIZ has actively engaged in the international debate in the development sector to promote the application of WUAs in developing countries. As a result, four phases have been identified for the successful development of WUAs.<ref name="GIZTS">Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (2010): Topic Sheet: German-Jordanian Programme – Management of Water Resources: Water Users’ Associations. Eschborn: GTZ.
+GIZ has actively engaged in the international debate in the development sector to promote the application of WUAs in developing countries. As a result, four phases have been identified for the successful development of WUAs.<ref name="GIZTS">Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (2010): Topic Sheet: German-Jordanian Programme – Management of Water Resources: Water Users’ Associations. Eschborn: GTZ.fckLRhttp://star-www.giz.de/dokumente/bib-2010/gtz2010-3095en-water-user-associations-wua.pdffckLR[2013-02-18].</ref>
-http://star-www.giz.de/dokumente/bib-2010/gtz2010-3095en-water-user-associations-wua.pdf
 [2013-02-18].</ref>
 [[File:GIZ Water User Associations.png|center|368px|alt=GIZ Water User Associations.png]]
-<p style="text-align: center;">Source: GTZ (2010)<ref name="GIZTS">Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (2010): Topic Sheet: German-Jordanian Programme – Management of Water Resources: Water Users’ Associations. Eschborn: GTZ.
+<p style="text-align: center;">Source: GTZ (2010)<ref name="GIZTS">Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (2010): Topic Sheet: German-Jordanian Programme – Management of Water Resources: Water Users’ Associations. Eschborn: GTZ.fckLRhttp://star-www.giz.de/dokumente/bib-2010/gtz2010-3095en-water-user-associations-wua.pdffckLR[2013-02-18].</ref></p>
-http://star-www.giz.de/dokumente/bib-2010/gtz2010-3095en-water-user-associations-wua.pdf
 [2013-02-18].</ref></p>
 *'''Phase 1''' begins with an analysis of the existing performance gaps in an irrigation scheme, followed by a sensitive solicitation of government support for a transfer of responsibilities from a government institution to a non-governmental WUA. This phase is also called “confidence building among all stakeholders”, which can range from members of government to farmers. If all stakeholders can be convinced,
 *'''Phase 2''' is the establishment of the institutional settings. Commissions, representational of all stakeholders, are advised on how the strategic reform can be coordinated. As in Phase 1, there is a need for the technical advisors to apply constant consensus building methods throughout the establishment of WUAs. During this process stakeholders meet and discuss together the required changes in workshops, seminars and other meetings. Stakeholders also meet and discuss with political decision makers, as well as convey their local knowledge to the involved external technical advisors from GIZ.
@@ Line 147: / Line 142: @@
 GIZ advises the devolution of water management powers in various countries across the world, e.g. Jordan, Egypt, Ethiopia and Burkina Faso.
 = Good practice example from Jordan =
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 The Jordan Valley irrigation schemes suffered from poor water efficiency in the 1990s. Despite a technological upgrade from surface irrigation to drip irrigation, no real water efficiency gains were made, and irrigation cost recovery was not achieved.<ref name="Huppert">Huppert, Walter and Urban, Klaus (2002): Irrigation Management in the Jordan Valley – The neglected issue of “Principal-Agent” problems. In: Journal of Applied Irrigation Science, Vol. 37, No. 2/2002, p. 199-218.</ref> Moreover, the irrigation systems leaked significant amounts of water as a result of inadequate maintenance. In 2001, the Jordanian Ministry of Water and Irrigation decided to work with GIZ on an implementation strategy of WUAs in the Jordan Valley (see map below). It was projected that the water provision services in the Jordan Valley would positively benefit from a transfer of irrigation management services from the Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) to WUAs. The aim was to enable the participation of farmers in decision-making processes over water usage and maintenance of existing system in order to increase water efficiency, reduce leakages and thus achieve cost recovery of water resources for the Jordanian government.
-Since the introduction of WUAs, the scarce water available in the Jordan Valley is being used more efficiently in irrigated farming, and farmers are showing greater acceptance to pay water fees for cost recovery of services. Water leakages have also decreased due to the adequate maintenance of irrigation systems by WUAs. For example, in the Al Kafrein area in the Jordan Valley, the daily water use decreased by 50% from 12.000 m<sup>3</sup>/day to 6.000 cm<sup>3</sup>/day.<ref name="WUA">German-Jordanian Programme on Management of Water Resources (2010): Water User Associations: the story of participative irrigation management in the Jordan Valley. Amman: GIZ.</ref> Around 30% of the farmers in the Jordan Valley have been trained in the use of treated wastewater for irrigation according to environmental and health standards (see Management of Water Resources Programme in Jordan website).<ref name="GIZ">GIZ Management of Water Resources Programme: http://www.giz.de/themen/en/18151.htm</ref>
+Since the introduction of WUAs, the scarce water available in the Jordan Valley is being used more efficiently in irrigated farming, and farmers are showing greater acceptance to pay water fees for cost recovery of services. Water leakages have also decreased due to the adequate maintenance of irrigation systems by WUAs. For example, in the Al Kafrein area in the Jordan Valley, the daily water use decreased by 50% from 12.000 m<sup>3</sup>/day to 6.000 cm<sup>3</sup>/day.<ref name="WUA">German-Jordanian Programme on Management of Water Resources (2010): Water User Associations: the story of participative irrigation management in the Jordan Valley. Amman: GIZ.</ref> Around 30% of the farmers in the Jordan Valley have been trained in the use of treated wastewater for irrigation according to environmental and health standards (see Management of Water Resources Programme in Jordan website).<ref name="GIZ">GIZ Management of Water Resources Programme: http://www.giz.de/themen/en/18151.htm [2013-19-02].</ref>
 [[File:Geographical Distribution of WUAs.png|left|229px|alt=Geographical Distribution of WUAs.png]]
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 <references />
 = Additional Information =

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 <references />
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 [[:File:Irrigation Management in the Jordan Valley - The neglected Issue of Principal-Agent Problems - Huppert 2002.pdf|Huppert, Walter and Urban, Klaus (2002):. Irrigation Management in the Jordan Valley – The neglected issue of “Principal-Agent” problems. In: Journal of Applied Irrigation Science, Vol. 37, No. 2/2002, p. 199-218.]]
-GIZ in Egypt: [http://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/319.html http://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/319.html] [Accessed 2013-02-18].
+GIZ in Egypt: [http://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/319.html http://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/319.html] [2013-02-18].

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 <br/>
+<br/>
-−
 Source: German-Jordanien Programme on Management of Water Resources (2010)<ref name="WUA">German-Jordanian Programme on Management of Water Resources (2010): Water User Associations: the story of participative irrigation management in the Jordan Valley. Amman: GIZ. </ref>
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 <references />
 = Additional Information =