https://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Sources_of_water&feed=atom&action=historySources of water - Revision history2024-03-29T09:22:47ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.19.7https://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Sources_of_water&diff=9898&oldid=prevAvinash Kumar at 09:12, 27 May 20162016-05-27T09:12:59Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Influence_on_the_water_cycle</del>|hydrological cycle]] and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Influence on the water cycle</ins>|hydrological cycle]] and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Background ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Background ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources on the planet are constantly renewed thanks to the water cycle. Water from oceans, plants, wetlands and [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Surface_water</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">_groundwater</del>|surface waters]] evaporates into the atmosphere where it condensates and finally precipitates back onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation or rainfall then is either used by plants for consumptive use or the runoff flows back into the sea or surface waters. Furthermore, water infiltrates into the soil to recharge groundwater aquifers (USGS 2012). 520,000 km<sup>3</sup> (cubic kilometres) a year, of which 412,000 km<sup>3</sup> returns to the oceans as direct precipitation and 108,000 km<sup>3 </sup>falls on land. What happens to the precipitation depends on many factors such as rate of rainfall, soil types, topography of land, density of vegetation cover and levels of urbanization that all influence the destination of the runoff (Malesu et al 2007).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources on the planet are constantly renewed thanks to the water cycle. Water from oceans, plants, wetlands and [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Surface water</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">groundwater</ins>|surface waters]] evaporates into the atmosphere where it condensates and finally precipitates back onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation or rainfall then is either used by plants for consumptive use or the runoff flows back into the sea or surface waters. Furthermore, water infiltrates into the soil to recharge groundwater aquifers (USGS 2012). 520,000 km<sup>3</sup> (cubic kilometres) a year, of which 412,000 km<sup>3</sup> returns to the oceans as direct precipitation and 108,000 km<sup>3 </sup>falls on land. What happens to the precipitation depends on many factors such as rate of rainfall, soil types, topography of land, density of vegetation cover and levels of urbanization that all influence the destination of the runoff (Malesu et al 2007).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Colours of water ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Colours of water ==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Blue water ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Blue water ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Blue water is the water from [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Surface_water</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">_groundwater</del>|surface and groundwater]]. In agriculture, blue water plays a paramount role due to its use in irrigation agriculture. Approximately 40% of global agriculture is irrigated with blue water. It is also the water that is transportable and thus used for industrial, recreational and household consumption. Although blue water only provides 30% of global water supply, this source of water is often perceived as the main source of water. Blue water has the highest water productivity as it can be used in modern irrigation systems. It is also the water that is “produced” by engineers through dams and pumps (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Blue water is the water from [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Surface water</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">groundwater</ins>|surface and groundwater]]. In agriculture, blue water plays a paramount role due to its use in irrigation agriculture. Approximately 40% of global agriculture is irrigated with blue water. It is also the water that is transportable and thus used for industrial, recreational and household consumption. Although blue water only provides 30% of global water supply, this source of water is often perceived as the main source of water. Blue water has the highest water productivity as it can be used in modern irrigation systems. It is also the water that is “produced” by engineers through dams and pumps (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Green water ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Green water ===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Zaks, D. and Monfreda, C. (2006). Green Water and Sustainable Agriculture. Available online: [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html] (16 September 2013).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Zaks, D. and Monfreda, C. (2006). Green Water and Sustainable Agriculture. Available online: [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html] (16 September 2013).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Resource_Management]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Excellent]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Excellent]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Water_Security]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Avinash Kumarhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Sources_of_water&diff=7359&oldid=prevChristoph Wagener at 13:47, 11 March 20142014-03-11T13:47:02Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the hydrological cycle and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Influence_on_the_water_cycle|</ins>hydrological cycle<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Background ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Background ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources on the planet are constantly renewed thanks to the water cycle. Water from oceans, plants, wetlands and surface waters evaporates into the atmosphere where it condensates and finally precipitates back onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation or rainfall then is either used by plants for consumptive use or the runoff flows back into the sea or surface waters. Furthermore, water infiltrates into the soil to recharge groundwater aquifers (USGS 2012). 520,000 km<sup>3</sup> (cubic kilometres) a year, of which 412,000 km<sup>3</sup> returns to the oceans as direct precipitation and 108,000 km<sup>3 </sup>falls on land. What happens to the precipitation depends on many factors such as rate of rainfall, soil types, topography of land, density of vegetation cover and levels of urbanization that all influence the destination of the runoff (Malesu et al 2007).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources on the planet are constantly renewed thanks to the water cycle. Water from oceans, plants, wetlands and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Surface_water,_groundwater|</ins>surface waters<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>evaporates into the atmosphere where it condensates and finally precipitates back onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation or rainfall then is either used by plants for consumptive use or the runoff flows back into the sea or surface waters. Furthermore, water infiltrates into the soil to recharge groundwater aquifers (USGS 2012). 520,000 km<sup>3</sup> (cubic kilometres) a year, of which 412,000 km<sup>3</sup> returns to the oceans as direct precipitation and 108,000 km<sup>3 </sup>falls on land. What happens to the precipitation depends on many factors such as rate of rainfall, soil types, topography of land, density of vegetation cover and levels of urbanization that all influence the destination of the runoff (Malesu et al 2007).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Colours of water ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Colours of water ==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Blue water ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Blue water ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Blue water is the water from surface and groundwater. In agriculture, blue water plays a paramount role due to its use in irrigation agriculture. Approximately 40% of global agriculture is irrigated with blue water. It is also the water that is transportable and thus used for industrial, recreational and household consumption. Although blue water only provides 30% of global water supply, this source of water is often perceived as the main source of water. Blue water has the highest water productivity as it can be used in modern irrigation systems. It is also the water that is “produced” by engineers through dams and pumps (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Blue water is the water from <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Surface_water,_groundwater|</ins>surface and groundwater<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. In agriculture, blue water plays a paramount role due to its use in irrigation agriculture. Approximately 40% of global agriculture is irrigated with blue water. It is also the water that is transportable and thus used for industrial, recreational and household consumption. Although blue water only provides 30% of global water supply, this source of water is often perceived as the main source of water. Blue water has the highest water productivity as it can be used in modern irrigation systems. It is also the water that is “produced” by engineers through dams and pumps (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Green water ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Green water ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Green water is the water infiltrated into the soil from precipitation. It provides a large natural storage of water, similar to groundwater but accessible to natural and agricultural vegetation (Hoff 2006). The runoff of precipitation recharges aquifers and lakes in the water cycle. The term green water relates to the chlorophyll of plant growth. However, green water may be the water mostly affected by climate change due to changing precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, a more efficient use of green water is viewed as a cornerstone in agricultural water management to attain food security in particular in [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dryland_farming</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dryland</del>]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">areas </del>(Wani et al 2009). Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it (Zaks and Monfreda 2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Green water is the water infiltrated into the soil from precipitation. It provides a large natural storage of water, similar to groundwater but accessible to natural and agricultural vegetation (Hoff 2006). The runoff of precipitation recharges aquifers and lakes in the water cycle. The term green water relates to the chlorophyll of plant growth. However, green water may be the water mostly affected by climate change due to changing precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, a more efficient use of green water is viewed as a cornerstone in agricultural water management to attain food security in particular in [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dryland farming</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drylandareas</ins>]] (Wani et al 2009). Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it (Zaks and Monfreda 2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Grey water ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Grey water ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Reuse|</ins>recycled<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br/></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Zaks, D. and Monfreda, C. (2006). Green Water and Sustainable Agriculture. Available online: [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html] (16 September 2013).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Zaks, D. and Monfreda, C. (2006). Green Water and Sustainable Agriculture. Available online: [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html] (16 September 2013).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Excellent]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Resource_Management]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Resource_Management]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Excellent]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Christoph Wagenerhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Sources_of_water&diff=7293&oldid=prevChristoph Wagener: /* References */2014-03-06T15:02:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds). 2010. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>''Sick Water? The central role of waste- water management in sustainable development.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>''A Rapid Re- sponse Assessment. United Nations Environment Pro- gramme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds). 2010. ''Sick Water? The central role of waste- water management in sustainable development. ''A Rapid Re- sponse Assessment. United Nations Environment Pro- gramme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Hoff, H. (2006). Challenges in upland watershed manage- ment: for what? for whom? Proc 5th Rosenberg Int Forum on Water Policy, Banff, Alberta, Canada. September.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Hoff, H. (2006). Challenges in upland watershed manage- ment: for what? for whom? Proc 5th Rosenberg Int Forum on Water Policy, Banff, Alberta, Canada. September.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Zaks, D. and Monfreda, C. (2006). Green Water and Sustainable Agriculture. Available online: [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html] (16 September 2013).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Zaks, D. and Monfreda, C. (2006). Green Water and Sustainable Agriculture. Available online: [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html] (16 September 2013).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Resource_Management]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Excellent]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Excellent]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Resource_Management]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Christoph Wagenerhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Sources_of_water&diff=7168&oldid=prevIrena Irmler at 10:37, 20 February 20142014-02-20T10:37:55Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 10:37, 20 February 2014</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </del>. 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the hydrological cycle and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the hydrological cycle and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Background ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Background ==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Green water ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Green water ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Green water is the water infiltrated into the soil from precipitation. It provides a large natural storage of water, similar to groundwater but accessible to natural and agricultural vegetation (Hoff 2006). The runoff of precipitation recharges aquifers and lakes in the water cycle. The term green water relates to the chlorophyll of plant growth. However, green water may be the water mostly affected by climate change due to changing precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, a more efficient use of green water is viewed as a cornerstone in agricultural water management to attain food security in particular in dryland areas (Wani et al 2009). Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it (Zaks and Monfreda 2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Green water is the water infiltrated into the soil from precipitation. It provides a large natural storage of water, similar to groundwater but accessible to natural and agricultural vegetation (Hoff 2006). The runoff of precipitation recharges aquifers and lakes in the water cycle. The term green water relates to the chlorophyll of plant growth. However, green water may be the water mostly affected by climate change due to changing precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, a more efficient use of green water is viewed as a cornerstone in agricultural water management to attain food security in particular in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Dryland_farming|</ins>dryland<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>areas (Wani et al 2009). Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it (Zaks and Monfreda 2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Grey water ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Grey water ===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Resource_Management]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Resource_Management]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Excellent]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Irena Irmlerhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Sources_of_water&diff=6983&oldid=prevIrena Irmler at 12:58, 13 January 20142014-01-13T12:58:16Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
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<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 12:58, 13 January 2014</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. . 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the hydrological cycle and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. . 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the hydrological cycle and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>Background<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' </del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Background ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources on the planet are constantly renewed thanks to the water cycle. Water from oceans, plants, wetlands and surface waters evaporates into the atmosphere where it condensates and finally precipitates back onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation or rainfall then is either used by plants for consumptive use or the runoff flows back into the sea or surface waters. Furthermore, water infiltrates into the soil to recharge groundwater aquifers (USGS 2012). 520,000 km<sup>3</sup> (cubic kilometres) a year, of which 412,000 km<sup>3</sup> returns to the oceans as direct precipitation and 108,000 km<sup>3 </sup>falls on land. What happens to the precipitation depends on many factors such as rate of rainfall, soil types, topography of land, density of vegetation cover and levels of urbanization that all influence the destination of the runoff (Malesu et al 2007).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources on the planet are constantly renewed thanks to the water cycle. Water from oceans, plants, wetlands and surface waters evaporates into the atmosphere where it condensates and finally precipitates back onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation or rainfall then is either used by plants for consumptive use or the runoff flows back into the sea or surface waters. Furthermore, water infiltrates into the soil to recharge groundwater aquifers (USGS 2012). 520,000 km<sup>3</sup> (cubic kilometres) a year, of which 412,000 km<sup>3</sup> returns to the oceans as direct precipitation and 108,000 km<sup>3 </sup>falls on land. What happens to the precipitation depends on many factors such as rate of rainfall, soil types, topography of land, density of vegetation cover and levels of urbanization that all influence the destination of the runoff (Malesu et al 2007).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>Colours of water<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' </del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Colours of water ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A number of scientists around the Swedish global authority on water management, Malin Falkenmark, have conceived a chromatic framework to illustrate the different sources of water in the hydrological cycle for human and ecosystems uses to bridge the gap between hydrology and policy-makers in communicating the different sources of water.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A number of scientists around the Swedish global authority on water management, Malin Falkenmark, have conceived a chromatic framework to illustrate the different sources of water in the hydrological cycle for human and ecosystems uses to bridge the gap between hydrology and policy-makers in communicating the different sources of water.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>Blue water<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' </del>===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Blue water ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Blue water is the water from surface and groundwater. In agriculture, blue water plays a paramount role due to its use in irrigation agriculture. Approximately 40% of global agriculture is irrigated with blue water. It is also the water that is transportable and thus used for industrial, recreational and household consumption. Although blue water only provides 30% of global water supply, this source of water is often perceived as the main source of water. Blue water has the highest water productivity as it can be used in modern irrigation systems. It is also the water that is “produced” by engineers through dams and pumps (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Blue water is the water from surface and groundwater. In agriculture, blue water plays a paramount role due to its use in irrigation agriculture. Approximately 40% of global agriculture is irrigated with blue water. It is also the water that is transportable and thus used for industrial, recreational and household consumption. Although blue water only provides 30% of global water supply, this source of water is often perceived as the main source of water. Blue water has the highest water productivity as it can be used in modern irrigation systems. It is also the water that is “produced” by engineers through dams and pumps (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>Green water<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' </del>===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Green water ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Green water is the water infiltrated into the soil from precipitation. It provides a large natural storage of water, similar to groundwater but accessible to natural and agricultural vegetation (Hoff 2006). The runoff of precipitation recharges aquifers and lakes in the water cycle. The term green water relates to the chlorophyll of plant growth. However, green water may be the water mostly affected by climate change due to changing precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, a more efficient use of green water is viewed as a cornerstone in agricultural water management to attain food security in particular in dryland areas (Wani et al 2009). Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it (Zaks and Monfreda 2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Green water is the water infiltrated into the soil from precipitation. It provides a large natural storage of water, similar to groundwater but accessible to natural and agricultural vegetation (Hoff 2006). The runoff of precipitation recharges aquifers and lakes in the water cycle. The term green water relates to the chlorophyll of plant growth. However, green water may be the water mostly affected by climate change due to changing precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, a more efficient use of green water is viewed as a cornerstone in agricultural water management to attain food security in particular in dryland areas (Wani et al 2009). Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it (Zaks and Monfreda 2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>Grey water<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' </del>===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Grey water ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br/></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== References ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== '''References''' ==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds). 2010. '''''Sick Water? The central role of waste- water management in sustainable development.'''''A Rapid Re- sponse Assessment. United Nations Environment Pro- gramme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br/></del>Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds). 2010. '''''Sick Water? The central role of waste- water management in sustainable development.'''''A Rapid Re- sponse Assessment. United Nations Environment Pro- gramme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br/></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Hoff, H. (2006). Challenges in upland watershed manage- ment: for what? for whom? Proc 5th Rosenberg Int Forum on Water Policy, Banff, Alberta, Canada. September.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Hoff, H. (2006). Challenges in upland watershed manage- ment: for what? for whom? Proc 5th Rosenberg Int Forum on Water Policy, Banff, Alberta, Canada. September.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br/></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Falkenmark, M. and Rockström, J. (2006). The New Blue and Green Water Paradigm: Breaking New Ground for Water Resources Planning and Management. ''Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management May/June 2006.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Falkenmark, M. and Rockström, J. (2006). The New Blue and Green Water Paradigm: Breaking New Ground for Water Resources Planning and Management. ''Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management May/June 2006.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br/></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Maimbo M. Malesu, Alex R. Oduor and Orodi J. Odhiambo (Eds). (2007). ''Green water management handbook: Rainwater harvesting for agricultural production and ecological sustainability. ''Technical Manual No. 8 Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Maimbo M. Malesu, Alex R. Oduor and Orodi J. Odhiambo (Eds). (2007). ''Green water management handbook: Rainwater harvesting for agricultural production and ecological sustainability. ''Technical Manual No. 8 Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br/></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>United States Geological Survey (2012). The Water Cycle. Available online: [http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html] (accessed 16 September 2013).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>United States Geological Survey (2012). The Water Cycle. Available online: [http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html] (accessed 16 September 2013).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br/></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Wani, S., Rockström, J. and Oweis, T. (2009). Rainfed agriculture: unlocking the potential. Comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture series 7. CABI, ICRISAT and IWMI.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Wani, S., Rockström, J. and Oweis, T. (2009). Rainfed agriculture: unlocking the potential. Comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture series 7. CABI, ICRISAT and IWMI.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Zaks, D. and Monfreda, C. (2006). Green Water and Sustainable Agriculture. Available online: [http:</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html] (16 September 2013).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Zaks, D. and Monfreda, C. (2006). Green Water and Sustainable Agriculture. Available online: </del>[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html</del>] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(16 September 2013).</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[Category</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Resource_Management]</ins>]</div></td></tr>
</table>Irena Irmlerhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Sources_of_water&diff=5791&oldid=prevChristoph Wagener at 11:46, 10 October 20132013-10-10T11:46:59Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== '''Sources of water''' ==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. . 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the hydrological cycle and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. . 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the hydrological cycle and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br/></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== '''References''' ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== '''References''' ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Christoph Wagenerhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Sources_of_water&diff=5790&oldid=prevChristoph Wagener at 11:46, 10 October 20132013-10-10T11:46:31Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
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<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 11:46, 10 October 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Sources of water'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== </ins>'''Sources of water''' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. . 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the hydrological cycle and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. . 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the hydrological cycle and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Content:'''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== </ins>'''Background''' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#'''Background'''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#'''Colours of water'''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#'''References'''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#'''Links'''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''1) '''</del>'''Background'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources on the planet are constantly renewed thanks to the water cycle. Water from oceans, plants, wetlands and surface waters evaporates into the atmosphere where it condensates and finally precipitates back onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation or rainfall then is either used by plants for consumptive use or the runoff flows back into the sea or surface waters. Furthermore, water infiltrates into the soil to recharge groundwater aquifers (USGS 2012). 520,000 km<sup>3</sup> (cubic kilometres) a year, of which 412,000 km<sup>3</sup> returns to the oceans as direct precipitation and 108,000 km<sup>3 </sup>falls on land. What happens to the precipitation depends on many factors such as rate of rainfall, soil types, topography of land, density of vegetation cover and levels of urbanization that all influence the destination of the runoff (Malesu et al 2007).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources on the planet are constantly renewed thanks to the water cycle. Water from oceans, plants, wetlands and surface waters evaporates into the atmosphere where it condensates and finally precipitates back onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation or rainfall then is either used by plants for consumptive use or the runoff flows back into the sea or surface waters. Furthermore, water infiltrates into the soil to recharge groundwater aquifers (USGS 2012). 520,000 km<sup>3</sup> (cubic kilometres) a year, of which 412,000 km<sup>3</sup> returns to the oceans as direct precipitation and 108,000 km<sup>3 </sup>falls on land. What happens to the precipitation depends on many factors such as rate of rainfall, soil types, topography of land, density of vegetation cover and levels of urbanization that all influence the destination of the runoff (Malesu et al 2007).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br/></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== '''Colours of water''' ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''2) '''''Colours </del>of water<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A number </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">scientists around the Swedish global authority on </ins>water <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">management, Malin Falkenmark, have conceived a chromatic framework to illustrate the different sources of water in the hydrological cycle for human and ecosystems uses to bridge the gap between hydrology and policy-makers in communicating the different sources of water.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A number of scientists around the Swedish global authority on water management, Malin Falkenmark, have conceived a chromatic framework to illustrate the different sources of water in the hydrological cycle for human and ecosystems uses to bridge the gap between hydrology and policy-makers in communicating the different sources of water. </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== </ins>'''Blue water''' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a) </del>Blue water'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Blue water is the water from surface and groundwater. In agriculture, blue water plays a paramount role due to its use in irrigation agriculture. Approximately 40% of global agriculture is irrigated with blue water. It is also the water that is transportable and thus used for industrial, recreational and household consumption. Although blue water only provides 30% of global water supply, this source of water is often perceived as the main source of water. Blue water has the highest water productivity as it can be used in modern irrigation systems. It is also the water that is “produced” by engineers through dams and pumps (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Blue water is the water from surface and groundwater. In agriculture, blue water plays a paramount role due to its use in irrigation agriculture. Approximately 40% of global agriculture is irrigated with blue water. It is also the water that is transportable and thus used for industrial, recreational and household consumption. Although blue water only provides 30% of global water supply, this source of water is often perceived as the main source of water. Blue water has the highest water productivity as it can be used in modern irrigation systems. It is also the water that is “produced” by engineers through dams and pumps (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''b) ''</del>'''Green water'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== </ins>'''Green water''' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Green water is the water infiltrated into the soil from precipitation. It provides a large natural storage of water, similar to groundwater but accessible to natural and agricultural vegetation (Hoff 2006). The runoff of precipitation recharges aquifers and lakes in the water cycle. The term green water relates to the chlorophyll of plant growth. However, green water may be the water mostly affected by climate change due to changing precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, a more efficient use of green water is viewed as a cornerstone in agricultural water management to attain food security in particular in dryland areas (Wani et al 2009). Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it (Zaks and Monfreda 2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Green water is the water infiltrated into the soil from precipitation. It provides a large natural storage of water, similar to groundwater but accessible to natural and agricultural vegetation (Hoff 2006). The runoff of precipitation recharges aquifers and lakes in the water cycle. The term green water relates to the chlorophyll of plant growth. However, green water may be the water mostly affected by climate change due to changing precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, a more efficient use of green water is viewed as a cornerstone in agricultural water management to attain food security in particular in dryland areas (Wani et al 2009). Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it (Zaks and Monfreda 2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">c) </del>Grey water'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== </ins>'''Grey water''' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3) '''References'''</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br/></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds). 2010. '''''Sick Water? The central role of waste- water management in sustainable development.'''''A Rapid Re- sponse Assessment. United Nations Environment Pro- gramme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== '''References''' ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br/></ins>Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds). 2010. '''''Sick Water? The central role of waste- water management in sustainable development.'''''A Rapid Re- sponse Assessment. United Nations Environment Pro- gramme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Christoph Wagenerhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Sources_of_water&diff=5699&oldid=prevRoberto Marconi at 17:45, 23 September 20132013-09-23T17:45:28Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 17:45, 23 September 2013</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Sources of water'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Sources of water'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>#'''Links'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>#'''Links'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</del>''1) ''''''Background'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''1) ''''''Background'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources on the planet are constantly renewed thanks to the water cycle. Water from oceans, plants, wetlands and surface waters evaporates into the atmosphere where it condensates and finally precipitates back onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation or rainfall then is either used by plants for consumptive use or the runoff flows back into the sea or surface waters. Furthermore, water infiltrates into the soil to recharge groundwater aquifers (USGS 2012<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)(See figure 1</del>). 520,000 km<sup>3</sup> (cubic kilometres) a year, of which 412,000 km<sup>3</sup> returns to the oceans as direct precipitation and 108,000 km<sup>3 </sup>falls on land. What happens to the precipitation depends on many factors such as rate of rainfall, soil types, topography of land, density of vegetation cover and levels of urbanization that all influence the destination of the runoff (Malesu et al 2007).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water resources on the planet are constantly renewed thanks to the water cycle. Water from oceans, plants, wetlands and surface waters evaporates into the atmosphere where it condensates and finally precipitates back onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation or rainfall then is either used by plants for consumptive use or the runoff flows back into the sea or surface waters. Furthermore, water infiltrates into the soil to recharge groundwater aquifers (USGS 2012). 520,000 km<sup>3</sup> (cubic kilometres) a year, of which 412,000 km<sup>3</sup> returns to the oceans as direct precipitation and 108,000 km<sup>3 </sup>falls on land. What happens to the precipitation depends on many factors such as rate of rainfall, soil types, topography of land, density of vegetation cover and levels of urbanization that all influence the destination of the runoff (Malesu et al 2007).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:Water Cycle USGS 2010|link=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/graphics/watercyclesummary.jpg]]<br/></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><br/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><br/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</del>''2)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</del>'''''Colours of water'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''2) '''''Colours of water'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A number of scientists around the Swedish global authority on water management, Malin Falkenmark, have conceived a chromatic framework to illustrate the different sources of water in the hydrological cycle for human and ecosystems uses to bridge the gap between hydrology and policy-makers in communicating the different sources of water<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Figure 2 illustrate this conceptualization distinguishing between two flows of water, liquid blue water resources in aquifers, lakes, rivers and dams, and the green water vapour retained as soil moisture (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006)</del>.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A number of scientists around the Swedish global authority on water management, Malin Falkenmark, have conceived a chromatic framework to illustrate the different sources of water in the hydrological cycle for human and ecosystems uses to bridge the gap between hydrology and policy-makers in communicating the different sources of water.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''a) Blue water'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''a) Blue water'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Blue water is the water from surface and groundwater. In agriculture, blue water plays a paramount role due to its use in irrigation agriculture. Approximately 40% of global agriculture is irrigated with blue water. It is also the water that is transportable and thus used for industrial, recreational and household consumption. Although blue water only provides 30% of global water supply, this source of water is often perceived as the main source of water <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(von wem? By social scientists?)</del>. Blue water has the highest water productivity as it can be used in modern irrigation systems. It is also the water that is “produced” by engineers through dams and pumps (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Blue water is the water from surface and groundwater. In agriculture, blue water plays a paramount role due to its use in irrigation agriculture. Approximately 40% of global agriculture is irrigated with blue water. It is also the water that is transportable and thus used for industrial, recreational and household consumption. Although blue water only provides 30% of global water supply, this source of water is often perceived as the main source of water. Blue water has the highest water productivity as it can be used in modern irrigation systems. It is also the water that is “produced” by engineers through dams and pumps (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</del>''b)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</del>'''''Green water'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''b) '''''Green water'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Green water is the water infiltrated into the soil from precipitation. It provides a large natural storage of water, similar to groundwater but accessible to natural and agricultural vegetation (Hoff 2006). The runoff of precipitation recharges aquifers and lakes in the water cycle. The term green water relates to the chlorophyll of plant growth. However, green water may be the water mostly affected by climate change due to changing precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, a more efficient use of green water is viewed as a cornerstone in agricultural water management to attain food security in particular in dryland areas (Wani et al 2009). Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it (Zaks and Monfreda 2006).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Green water is the water infiltrated into the soil from precipitation. It provides a large natural storage of water, similar to groundwater but accessible to natural and agricultural vegetation (Hoff 2006). The runoff of precipitation recharges aquifers and lakes in the water cycle. The term green water relates to the chlorophyll of plant growth. However, green water may be the water mostly affected by climate change due to changing precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, a more efficient use of green water is viewed as a cornerstone in agricultural water management to attain food security in particular in dryland areas (Wani et al 2009). Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it (Zaks and Monfreda 2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Grey water'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">c) </ins>Grey water'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>3) '''References'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>3) '''References'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br/></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds). 2010. '''''Sick Water? The central role of waste- water management in sustainable development.'''''A Rapid Re- sponse Assessment. United Nations Environment Pro- gramme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds). 2010. '''''Sick Water? The central role of waste- water management in sustainable development.'''''A Rapid Re- sponse Assessment. United Nations Environment Pro- gramme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br/></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Hoff, H. (2006). Challenges in upland watershed manage- ment: for what? for whom? Proc 5th Rosenberg Int Forum on Water Policy, Banff, Alberta, Canada. September.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Hoff, H. (2006). Challenges in upland watershed manage- ment: for what? for whom? Proc 5th Rosenberg Int Forum on Water Policy, Banff, Alberta, Canada. September.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br/></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Falkenmark, M. and Rockström, J. (2006). The New Blue and Green Water Paradigm: Breaking New Ground for Water Resources Planning and Management. ''Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management May/June 2006.''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Falkenmark, M. and Rockström, J. (2006). The New Blue and Green Water Paradigm: Breaking New Ground for Water Resources Planning and Management. ''Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management May</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">June 2006.'' </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Maimbo M. Malesu, Alex R. Oduor and Orodi J. Odhiambo (Eds). (2007). ''Green water management handbook: Rainwater harvesting for agricultural production and ecological sustainability. ''Technical Manual No. 8 Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Maimbo M. Malesu, Alex R. Oduor and Orodi J. Odhiambo (Eds). (2007). ''Green water management handbook: Rainwater harvesting for agricultural production and ecological sustainability. ''Technical Manual No. 8 Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 52:</td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>United States Geological Survey (2012). The Water Cycle. Available online: [http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html] (accessed 16 September 2013).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>United States Geological Survey (2012). The Water Cycle. Available online: [http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html] (accessed 16 September 2013).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><br/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><br/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Wani, S., Rockström, J. and Oweis, T. (2009). Rainfed agriculture: unlocking the potential. Comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture series 7. CABI, ICRISAT and IWMI.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Wani, S., Rockström, J. and Oweis, T. (2009). Rainfed agriculture: unlocking the potential. Comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture series 7. CABI, ICRISAT and IWMI.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><br/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><br/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Zaks, D. and Monfreda, C. (2006). Green Water and Sustainable Agriculture. Available online: [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html] (16 September 2013).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Zaks, D. and Monfreda, C. (2006). Green Water and Sustainable Agriculture. Available online: [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html] (16 September 2013).</div></td></tr>
</table>Roberto Marconihttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Sources_of_water&diff=5698&oldid=prevRoberto Marconi: Created page with " '''Sources of water''' Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ec..."2013-09-23T17:42:21Z<p>Created page with " '''Sources of water''' Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ec..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div><br />
<br />
'''Sources of water'''<br />
<br />
Water resources for human requirements are the sources of fresh water that can be used for agriculture, industry, households, recreational use and ecosystems. . 97 per cent of global water supply is fresh, sweet water. 3 per cent fresh water that can be used for human or environmental consumption. Out of these 3 per cent, two thirds are frozen located in glaciers and ice caps. As a result, only 1 per cent of the world’s water resources are usable for human beings. However, fresh water is a renewable resource due to the hydrological cycle and therefore water is a “space-temporal” resource (USGS 2012). In order to illustrate the different sources of water (soil moisture, surface and groundwater) for agricultural production, water sources are being distinguished in different colours according to their use<br />
<br />
'''Content:'''<br />
#'''Background'''<br />
#'''Colours of water'''<br />
#'''References'''<br />
#'''Links'''<br />
<br />
'''1) ''''''Background'''<br />
<br />
Water resources on the planet are constantly renewed thanks to the water cycle. Water from oceans, plants, wetlands and surface waters evaporates into the atmosphere where it condensates and finally precipitates back onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation or rainfall then is either used by plants for consumptive use or the runoff flows back into the sea or surface waters. Furthermore, water infiltrates into the soil to recharge groundwater aquifers (USGS 2012)(See figure 1). 520,000 km<sup>3</sup> (cubic kilometres) a year, of which 412,000 km<sup>3</sup> returns to the oceans as direct precipitation and 108,000 km<sup>3 </sup>falls on land. What happens to the precipitation depends on many factors such as rate of rainfall, soil types, topography of land, density of vegetation cover and levels of urbanization that all influence the destination of the runoff (Malesu et al 2007). <br />
<br />
[[File:Water Cycle USGS 2010|link=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/graphics/watercyclesummary.jpg]]<br/><br />
<br />
<br/><br />
<br />
'''2)''''''Colours of water'''<br />
<br />
A number of scientists around the Swedish global authority on water management, Malin Falkenmark, have conceived a chromatic framework to illustrate the different sources of water in the hydrological cycle for human and ecosystems uses to bridge the gap between hydrology and policy-makers in communicating the different sources of water. Figure 2 illustrate this conceptualization distinguishing between two flows of water, liquid blue water resources in aquifers, lakes, rivers and dams, and the green water vapour retained as soil moisture (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006). <br />
<br />
'''a) Blue water'''<br />
<br />
Blue water is the water from surface and groundwater. In agriculture, blue water plays a paramount role due to its use in irrigation agriculture. Approximately 40% of global agriculture is irrigated with blue water. It is also the water that is transportable and thus used for industrial, recreational and household consumption. Although blue water only provides 30% of global water supply, this source of water is often perceived as the main source of water (von wem? By social scientists?). Blue water has the highest water productivity as it can be used in modern irrigation systems. It is also the water that is “produced” by engineers through dams and pumps (Falkenmark and Rockström 2006).<br />
<br />
'''b)''''''Green water'''<br />
<br />
Green water is the water infiltrated into the soil from precipitation. It provides a large natural storage of water, similar to groundwater but accessible to natural and agricultural vegetation (Hoff 2006). The runoff of precipitation recharges aquifers and lakes in the water cycle. The term green water relates to the chlorophyll of plant growth. However, green water may be the water mostly affected by climate change due to changing precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, a more efficient use of green water is viewed as a cornerstone in agricultural water management to attain food security in particular in dryland areas (Wani et al 2009). Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it (Zaks and Monfreda 2006). <br />
<br />
'''Grey water'''<br />
<br />
Grey water is the recycled blue water that was previously used in households or industries. It is either recycled for further use oder applied for irrigation. The term stems from the cloudy appearance and from its position within potable water and sewage water that are also referred to as white water and black water. Grey water reuse is an ecologically futile option to recycle blue water and to decrease pressures on blue water resources. For example, an arid country like Egypt that almost entirely relies on blue water (the river Nile) for its water consumption reuses 7 billion cubic metres of water per year , which accounts for approximately 13 per cent of its available water resources (MWRI 2010) Grey water can be either purified through mechanical or biological systems or discharged on agricultural land or in rivers or streams without purification (Malesu 2007). However, 90 per cent of grey water remains untreated globally, hence it is viewed as a major cornerstone in development assistance to increase purified grey water reuse in developing countries (Corcoran et al 2010). Bilateral development assistance, for example, focuses in its development assistance to developing countries on financing wastewater reuse plants and capacity development strategies (see links). <br />
<br />
3) '''References'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds). 2010. '''''Sick Water? The central role of waste- water management in sustainable development.'''''A Rapid Re- sponse Assessment. United Nations Environment Pro- gramme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Hoff, H. (2006). Challenges in upland watershed manage- ment: for what? for whom? Proc 5th Rosenberg Int Forum on Water Policy, Banff, Alberta, Canada. September.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Falkenmark, M. and Rockström, J. (2006). The New Blue and Green Water Paradigm: Breaking New Ground for Water Resources Planning and Management. ''Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management May/June 2006.'' <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Maimbo M. Malesu, Alex R. Oduor and Orodi J. Odhiambo (Eds). (2007). ''Green water management handbook: Rainwater harvesting for agricultural production and ecological sustainability. ''Technical Manual No. 8 Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.<br />
<br />
<br/><br />
<br />
United States Geological Survey (2012). The Water Cycle. Available online: [http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html] (accessed 16 September 2013). <br />
<br />
<br/><br />
<br />
Wani, S., Rockström, J. and Oweis, T. (2009). Rainfed agriculture: unlocking the potential. Comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture series 7. CABI, ICRISAT and IWMI. <br />
<br />
<br/><br />
<br />
Zaks, D. and Monfreda, C. (2006). Green Water and Sustainable Agriculture. Available online: [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004494.html] (16 September 2013).</div>Roberto Marconi