https://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&feed=atom&action=historyWater scarcity - Revision history2024-03-28T22:38:27ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.19.7https://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&diff=9907&oldid=prevAvinash Kumar at 09:21, 27 May 20162016-05-27T09:21:48Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Scarcity is signaled by unsatisfied demand, tensions between users, competition for water, over- extraction of groundwater and insufficient flows to the natural environment.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Scarcity is signaled by unsatisfied demand, tensions between users, competition for water, over- extraction of groundwater and insufficient flows to the natural environment.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water scarcity is caused by a wide-ranging combination of factors, all which are related to human interference with the water cycle. Water scarcity is fundamentally dynamic: its level can vary within a given time frame as a result of natural hydrological variability, but even more so due to prevailing economic policy, planning and management approaches, and the varying capacity of societies to anticipate changing levels of supply or demand. Scarcity can result from short-sighted policies, such as the over-[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Water_Development_and_Allocation</del>|allocation]] of water use licenses in a river basin, or from the excessive expansion of irrigation areas with free or low-cost water for farmers. The problem intensifies with increasing demand by users and/or with the decreasing availability and quality of the resource. Scarcity can arises in close juxtaposition with water plenty if there is no legal or institutional arrangement in place to improve access, or if the required infrastructure does not exist or is not feasible. When identified correctly, many causes of scarcity can be predicted, avoided and/or mitigated.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water scarcity is caused by a wide-ranging combination of factors, all which are related to human interference with the water cycle. Water scarcity is fundamentally dynamic: its level can vary within a given time frame as a result of natural hydrological variability, but even more so due to prevailing economic policy, planning and management approaches, and the varying capacity of societies to anticipate changing levels of supply or demand. Scarcity can result from short-sighted policies, such as the over-[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Water Development and Allocation</ins>|allocation]] of water use licenses in a river basin, or from the excessive expansion of irrigation areas with free or low-cost water for farmers. The problem intensifies with increasing demand by users and/or with the decreasing availability and quality of the resource. Scarcity can arises in close juxtaposition with water plenty if there is no legal or institutional arrangement in place to improve access, or if the required infrastructure does not exist or is not feasible. When identified correctly, many causes of scarcity can be predicted, avoided and/or mitigated.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Related terms =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Related terms =</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In [[Dryland farming|arid and semi-arid regions]], water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdffckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In [[Dryland farming|arid and semi-arid regions]], water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> It is estimated that 14<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp;</ins>% more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdffckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td></tr>
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</table>Avinash Kumarhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&diff=7231&oldid=prevIrena Irmler at 10:44, 21 February 20142014-02-21T10:44:15Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Scarcity is signaled by unsatisfied demand, tensions between users, competition for water, over- extraction of groundwater and insufficient flows to the natural environment.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Scarcity is signaled by unsatisfied demand, tensions between users, competition for water, over- extraction of groundwater and insufficient flows to the natural environment.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water scarcity is caused by a wide-ranging combination of factors, all which are related to human interference with the water cycle. Water scarcity is fundamentally dynamic: its level can vary within a given time frame as a result of natural hydrological variability, but even more so due to prevailing economic policy, planning and management approaches, and the varying capacity of societies to anticipate changing levels of supply or demand. Scarcity can result from short-sighted policies, such as the over-allocation of water use licenses in a river basin, or from the excessive expansion of irrigation areas with free or low-cost water for farmers. The problem intensifies with increasing demand by users and/or with the decreasing availability and quality of the resource. Scarcity can arises in close juxtaposition with water plenty if there is no legal or institutional arrangement in place to improve access, or if the required infrastructure does not exist or is not feasible. When identified correctly, many causes of scarcity can be predicted, avoided and/or mitigated.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water scarcity is caused by a wide-ranging combination of factors, all which are related to human interference with the water cycle. Water scarcity is fundamentally dynamic: its level can vary within a given time frame as a result of natural hydrological variability, but even more so due to prevailing economic policy, planning and management approaches, and the varying capacity of societies to anticipate changing levels of supply or demand. Scarcity can result from short-sighted policies, such as the over-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Water_Development_and_Allocation|</ins>allocation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of water use licenses in a river basin, or from the excessive expansion of irrigation areas with free or low-cost water for farmers. The problem intensifies with increasing demand by users and/or with the decreasing availability and quality of the resource. Scarcity can arises in close juxtaposition with water plenty if there is no legal or institutional arrangement in place to improve access, or if the required infrastructure does not exist or is not feasible. When identified correctly, many causes of scarcity can be predicted, avoided and/or mitigated.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Related terms =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Related terms =</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dryland_farming</del>|arid and semi-arid regions]], water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdffckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dryland farming</ins>|arid and semi-arid regions]], water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdffckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Enabling_Environment]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Resource_Management]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Irena Irmlerhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&diff=7175&oldid=prevIrena Irmler at 10:44, 20 February 20142014-02-20T10:44:17Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The best-known indicator of national water scarcity is per capita renewable water, with threshold values of 500, 1.000 and 1.700 m³/person/year used to distinguish between different levels of water stress .<ref name="Falkenmark">Falkenmark, M & Widstrand, C. (1992): Population and Water Resources: A delicate balance, Population 41 Bulletin, Washington: Population Reference Bureau.</ref><ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action.fckLRhttp://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdffckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> Following this criterion, countries or regions are considered to be facing <u>absolute water scarcity </u>if renewable water resources are < 500 m³ per capita; <u>chronic water shortage </u>if renewable water resources are between 500 and 1000 m³ per capita; and <u>regular water stress </u>between 1.000 and 1.700 m³ per capita (Table 1). This crude approach to measuring water scarcity is primarily based on estimates of the number of people who can live reasonably with a certain unit of water resources.<ref name="Falkenmark1984">Falkenmark, M. (1984): New ecological approach to the water cycle: ticket to the future. AMBIO.</ref> This indicator is widely used as it can be easily calculated for every year and every country in the world, based on water resources data<ref name="FAO-Aquastat">FAO-AQUASTAT (2012): FAO Global information system on water and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/maps/index.stm</ref> and available population data<ref>United Nations (UN) (2009): United Nations Population Information network online database.fckLRhttp://www.un.org/popin/ (cited November 2009).</ref>. Furthermore, population projections, available until 2100, allow for projections of water scarcity levels in the forthcoming decades.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The best-known indicator of national water scarcity is per capita renewable water, with threshold values of 500, 1.000 and 1.700 m³/person/year used to distinguish between different levels of water stress .<ref name="Falkenmark">Falkenmark, M & Widstrand, C. (1992): Population and Water Resources: A delicate balance, Population 41 Bulletin, Washington: Population Reference Bureau.</ref><ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action.fckLRhttp://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdffckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> Following this criterion, countries or regions are considered to be facing <u>absolute water scarcity </u>if renewable water resources are < 500 m³ per capita; <u>chronic water shortage </u>if renewable water resources are between 500 and 1000 m³ per capita; and <u>regular water stress </u>between 1.000 and 1.700 m³ per capita (Table 1). This crude approach to measuring water scarcity is primarily based on estimates of the number of people who can live reasonably with a certain unit of water resources.<ref name="Falkenmark1984">Falkenmark, M. (1984): New ecological approach to the water cycle: ticket to the future. AMBIO.</ref> This indicator is widely used as it can be easily calculated for every year and every country in the world, based on water resources data<ref name="FAO-Aquastat">FAO-AQUASTAT (2012): FAO Global information system on water and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/maps/index.stm</ref> and available population data<ref>United Nations (UN) (2009): United Nations Population Information network online database.fckLRhttp://www.un.org/popin/ (cited November 2009).</ref>. Furthermore, population projections, available until 2100, allow for projections of water scarcity levels in the forthcoming decades.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{| <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">align</del>="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">center</del>" <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">style</del>="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">width: 486px; height: 140px;</del>" border="1" <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cellspacing</del>="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>" <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cellpadding</del>="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>"</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{| <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cellspacing</ins>="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</ins>" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cellpadding</ins>="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</ins>" border="1" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">align</ins>="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">center</ins>" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">style</ins>="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">width: 486px;  height: 140px</ins>"</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>! scope="col" | '''Annual renewable freshwater (m³/pers.yr)'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>! scope="col" | '''Annual renewable freshwater (m³/pers.yr)'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>| Occasional or local water stress</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>| Occasional or local water stress</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdffckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Dryland_farming|</ins>arid and semi-arid regions<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdffckLR[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Excellent]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Irena Irmlerhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&diff=5753&oldid=prevChristoph Wagener at 08:39, 2 October 20132013-10-02T08:39:56Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water scarcity is defined as the gap between the available supply and the expressed demand of freshwater in a specified domain, under prevailing institutional arrangements (including both resource ‘pricing’ and retail charging arrangements) and infrastructural conditions.<ref name="FAO2012">FAO (2012): <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Water </del>scarcity <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and food security. A </del>framework for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action. To be published.</del></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Water scarcity is defined as the gap between the available supply and the expressed demand of freshwater in a specified domain, under prevailing institutional arrangements (including both resource ‘pricing’ and retail charging arrangements) and infrastructural conditions.<ref name="FAO2012">FAO (2012): <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Coping with water </ins>scarcity <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- An action </ins>framework for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">agriculture and Food Security</ins></ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Introduction =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Introduction =</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Indicators of water scarcity =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Indicators of water scarcity =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The best-known indicator of national water scarcity is per capita renewable water, with threshold values of 500, 1.000 and 1.700 m³/person/year used to distinguish between different levels of water stress .<ref name="Falkenmark">Falkenmark, M & Widstrand, C. (1992): Population and Water Resources: A delicate balance, Population 41 Bulletin, Washington: Population Reference Bureau.</ref><ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The best-known indicator of national water scarcity is per capita renewable water, with threshold values of 500, 1.000 and 1.700 m³/person/year used to distinguish between different levels of water stress .<ref name="Falkenmark">Falkenmark, M & Widstrand, C. (1992): Population and Water Resources: A delicate balance, Population 41 Bulletin, Washington: Population Reference Bureau.</ref><ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fckLRhttp</ins>://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pdffckLR</ins>[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> Following this criterion, countries or regions are considered to be facing <u>absolute water scarcity </u>if renewable water resources are < 500 m³ per capita; <u>chronic water shortage </u>if renewable water resources are between 500 and 1000 m³ per capita; and <u>regular water stress </u>between 1.000 and 1.700 m³ per capita (Table 1). This crude approach to measuring water scarcity is primarily based on estimates of the number of people who can live reasonably with a certain unit of water resources.<ref name="Falkenmark1984">Falkenmark, M. (1984): New ecological approach to the water cycle: ticket to the future. AMBIO.</ref> This indicator is widely used as it can be easily calculated for every year and every country in the world, based on water resources data<ref name="FAO-Aquastat">FAO-AQUASTAT (2012): FAO Global information system on water and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/maps/index.stm</ref> and available population data<ref>United Nations (UN) (2009): United Nations Population Information network online database.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fckLRhttp</ins>://www.un.org/popin/ (cited November 2009).</ref>. Furthermore, population projections, available until 2100, allow for projections of water scarcity levels in the forthcoming decades.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pdf</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> Following this criterion, countries or regions are considered to be facing <u>absolute water scarcity </u>if renewable water resources are < 500 m³ per capita; <u>chronic water shortage </u>if renewable water resources are between 500 and 1000 m³ per capita; and <u>regular water stress </u>between 1.000 and 1.700 m³ per capita (Table 1). This crude approach to measuring water scarcity is primarily based on estimates of the number of people who can live reasonably with a certain unit of water resources.<ref name="Falkenmark1984">Falkenmark, M. (1984): New ecological approach to the water cycle: ticket to the future. AMBIO.</ref> This indicator is widely used as it can be easily calculated for every year and every country in the world, based on water resources data<ref name="FAO-Aquastat">FAO-AQUASTAT (2012): FAO Global information system on water and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/maps/index.stm</ref> and available population data<ref>United Nations (UN) (2009): United Nations Population Information network online database.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://www.un.org/popin/ (cited November 2009).</ref>. Furthermore, population projections, available until 2100, allow for projections of water scarcity levels in the forthcoming decades.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center;">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center;">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fckLRhttp</ins>://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">htmlfckLR</ins>[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pdffckLR</ins>[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pdf</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[accessed 17 April 2013]</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td></tr>
</table>Christoph Wagenerhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&diff=4643&oldid=prevJana Herold at 18:48, 17 April 20132013-04-17T18:48:38Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Indicators of water scarcity =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Indicators of water scarcity =</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The best-known indicator of national water scarcity is per capita renewable water, with threshold values of 500, 1.000 and 1.700 m³/person/year used to distinguish between different levels of water stress .<ref name="Falkenmark">Falkenmark, M & Widstrand, C. (1992): Population and Water Resources: A delicate balance, Population 41 Bulletin, Washington: Population Reference Bureau.</ref><ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fckLRhttp</del>://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</ref> Following this criterion, countries or regions are considered to be facing <u>absolute water scarcity </u>if renewable water resources are < 500 m³ per capita; <u>chronic water shortage </u>if renewable water resources are between 500 and 1000 m³ per capita; and <u>regular water stress </u>between 1.000 and 1.700 m³ per capita (Table 1). This crude approach to measuring water scarcity is primarily based on estimates of the number of people who can live reasonably with a certain unit of water resources.<ref name="Falkenmark1984">Falkenmark, M. (1984): New ecological approach to the water cycle: ticket to the future. AMBIO.</ref> This indicator is widely used as it can be easily calculated for every year and every country in the world, based on water resources data<ref name="FAO-Aquastat">FAO-AQUASTAT (2012): FAO Global information system on water and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/maps/index.stm</ref> and available population data<ref>United Nations (UN) (2009): United Nations Population Information network online database.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fckLRhttp</del>://www.un.org/popin/ (cited November 2009).</ref>. Furthermore, population projections, available until 2100, allow for projections of water scarcity levels in the forthcoming decades.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The best-known indicator of national water scarcity is per capita renewable water, with threshold values of 500, 1.000 and 1.700 m³/person/year used to distinguish between different levels of water stress .<ref name="Falkenmark">Falkenmark, M & Widstrand, C. (1992): Population and Water Resources: A delicate balance, Population 41 Bulletin, Washington: Population Reference Bureau.</ref><ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</ins>://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[accessed 17 April 2013]</ins></ref> Following this criterion, countries or regions are considered to be facing <u>absolute water scarcity </u>if renewable water resources are < 500 m³ per capita; <u>chronic water shortage </u>if renewable water resources are between 500 and 1000 m³ per capita; and <u>regular water stress </u>between 1.000 and 1.700 m³ per capita (Table 1). This crude approach to measuring water scarcity is primarily based on estimates of the number of people who can live reasonably with a certain unit of water resources.<ref name="Falkenmark1984">Falkenmark, M. (1984): New ecological approach to the water cycle: ticket to the future. AMBIO.</ref> This indicator is widely used as it can be easily calculated for every year and every country in the world, based on water resources data<ref name="FAO-Aquastat">FAO-AQUASTAT (2012): FAO Global information system on water and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/maps/index.stm</ref> and available population data<ref>United Nations (UN) (2009): United Nations Population Information network online database.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</ins>://www.un.org/popin/ (cited November 2009).</ref>. Furthermore, population projections, available until 2100, allow for projections of water scarcity levels in the forthcoming decades.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>! scope="col" | '''Annual renewable freshwater (m³/pers.yr)'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>! scope="col" | '''Annual renewable freshwater (m³/pers.yr)'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</ins>">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fckLRhttp</del>://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">htmlfckLR</del></ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</ins>://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[accessed 17 April 2013]</ins></ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[accessed 17 April 2013]</ins></ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Further literature =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Further literature =</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.<br/></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf]</div></td></tr>
</table>Jana Heroldhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&diff=4603&oldid=prevJana Herold: Jana Herold moved page Water Scarcity to Water scarcity without leaving a redirect2013-04-17T09:06:10Z<p>Jana Herold moved page <a href="/index.php?title=Water_Scarcity&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water Scarcity (page does not exist)">Water Scarcity</a> to <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a> without leaving a redirect</p>
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</tr></table>Jana Heroldhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&diff=4195&oldid=prevNikhil Kotecha: /* Further literature */2013-03-25T12:28:19Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Further literature</span></span></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Further literature =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Further literature =</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/jpg/0221-waterstress-EN.jpg http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/jpg/0221-waterstress-EN.jpg]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/jpg/0221-waterstress-EN.jpg http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/jpg/0221-waterstress-EN.jpg]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.html]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf].<br/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf].<br/></div></td></tr>
</table>Nikhil Kotechahttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&diff=3610&oldid=prevBenjamin Rebenich at 15:56, 20 February 20132013-02-20T15:56:18Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Further literature =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Further literature =</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf].<br/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf].<br/></div></td></tr>
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</table>Benjamin Rebenichhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&diff=3609&oldid=prevBenjamin Rebenich: /* References */2013-02-20T15:55:48Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= References =</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Further literature =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Further literature =</div></td></tr>
</table>Benjamin Rebenichhttps://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&diff=3608&oldid=prevBenjamin Rebenich at 15:55, 20 February 20132013-02-20T15:55:33Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The best-known indicator of national water scarcity is per capita renewable water, with threshold values of 500, 1.000 and 1.700 m³/person/year used to distinguish between different levels of water stress .<ref name="Falkenmark">Falkenmark, M & Widstrand, C. (1992): Population and Water Resources: A delicate balance, Population 41 Bulletin, Washington: Population Reference Bureau.</ref><ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action.fckLRhttp://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</ref> Following this criterion, countries or regions are considered to be facing <u>absolute water scarcity </u>if renewable water resources are < 500 m³ per capita; <u>chronic water shortage </u>if renewable water resources are between 500 and 1000 m³ per capita; and <u>regular water stress </u>between 1.000 and 1.700 m³ per capita (Table 1). This crude approach to measuring water scarcity is primarily based on estimates of the number of people who can live reasonably with a certain unit of water resources.<ref name="Falkenmark1984">Falkenmark, M. (1984): New ecological approach to the water cycle: ticket to the future. AMBIO.</ref> This indicator is widely used as it can be easily calculated for every year and every country in the world, based on water resources data<ref name="FAO-Aquastat">FAO-AQUASTAT (2012): FAO Global information system on water and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/maps/index.stm</ref> and available population data<ref>United Nations (UN) (2009): United Nations Population Information network online database.fckLRhttp://www.un.org/popin/ (cited November 2009).</ref>. Furthermore, population projections, available until 2100, allow for projections of water scarcity levels in the forthcoming decades.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The best-known indicator of national water scarcity is per capita renewable water, with threshold values of 500, 1.000 and 1.700 m³/person/year used to distinguish between different levels of water stress .<ref name="Falkenmark">Falkenmark, M & Widstrand, C. (1992): Population and Water Resources: A delicate balance, Population 41 Bulletin, Washington: Population Reference Bureau.</ref><ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action.fckLRhttp://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</ref> Following this criterion, countries or regions are considered to be facing <u>absolute water scarcity </u>if renewable water resources are < 500 m³ per capita; <u>chronic water shortage </u>if renewable water resources are between 500 and 1000 m³ per capita; and <u>regular water stress </u>between 1.000 and 1.700 m³ per capita (Table 1). This crude approach to measuring water scarcity is primarily based on estimates of the number of people who can live reasonably with a certain unit of water resources.<ref name="Falkenmark1984">Falkenmark, M. (1984): New ecological approach to the water cycle: ticket to the future. AMBIO.</ref> This indicator is widely used as it can be easily calculated for every year and every country in the world, based on water resources data<ref name="FAO-Aquastat">FAO-AQUASTAT (2012): FAO Global information system on water and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/maps/index.stm</ref> and available population data<ref>United Nations (UN) (2009): United Nations Population Information network online database.fckLRhttp://www.un.org/popin/ (cited November 2009).</ref>. Furthermore, population projections, available until 2100, allow for projections of water scarcity levels in the forthcoming decades.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>! scope="col" | '''Annual renewable freshwater (m³/pers.yr)'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>! scope="col" | '''Annual renewable freshwater (m³/pers.yr)'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>| Occasional or local water stress</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>| Occasional or local water stress</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p style="text-align: center">Table 1: Conventional definitions of levels of water stress (after Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992)</p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, water is an even more essential factor for agriculture and food production. IPCC assessments predict (IPCC, 2007) that in most of these regions climate change will further acerbate the water scarcity due to changed rainfall patterns and/or reduced rainfall.<ref name="IPCC">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.fckLRhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms3.htmlfckLR</ref> It is estimated that 14 % more freshwater will have to be withdrawn for agricultural use in the next 30 years.<ref name="UN2006">UN-Water (2006): Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf</ref> This underscores how urgent the need is for a more efficient and productive water use.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf].<br/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf http://waterwiki.net/images/9/92/UN_Water_-_waterscarcity_leaflet.pdf].<br/></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Test text</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Benjamin Rebenich