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| − | = Surface water, groundwater<br/> =
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Although, being two separate entities, surface- and groundwater are part of an interrelated system, the global water cycle (''[[File:The_hydrological_cycle.png|hydrologic cycle]]''). When surface water seeps through the soil it becomes groundwater and conversely, surface water sources can also be fed by groundwater.</font><br/>
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Serving most of life's needs surface water makes up only around 1.2% of the total freshwater amount (being only 2.5% of all earth's water). Groundwater makes up around 30.1% of all freshwater. </font>The following figure (left on the page) illustrates the composition in percentages of the total global water. <br/>
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| − | data:image/png;base64,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 <u>The Earth's Water </u>(<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html]</font>'''<font size="2">'',''</font>'''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''''<span style="font-weight: normal">accessed 2013-11-06)</span>'''''</font><br/>
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| − | == Surface water<br/> ==
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| − | === '''General Aspects'''<br/> ===
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Surface water is any type of natural water on ground level that is, compared to groundwater, naturally <span style="font-weight: normal">open to atmosphere</span> such as e.g. rivers, lakes, seas, wetlands, streams, and oceans. </font> <br/>
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Sources''' of surface water are:</font>
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">precipitation</font>
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">recruitment of groundwater</font><br/>
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Losses''' can be:</font>
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">evaporation (vaporization from the surface)</font><br/>
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">absorption by plants</font><br/>
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">seepage into the ground</font>
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">abstraction by mankind for e.g. agriculture, industry, living</font<br/>
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| − | === <br/> ===
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| − | === '''Global distribution of surface water'''<br/> ===
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| − | <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Throughout the globe surface water is naturally <span style="font-weight: normal">distributed</span> in varying amounts since it is affected by precipitation, evaporation and runoff. </font> <br/>
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| − | <span style="color:#008000">''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Precipitation '''<span style="font-weight: normal">is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water <span data-scaytid="5" data-scayt_word="vapour">vapour</span> that falls under gravity. This can be drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, <span data-scaytid="6" data-scayt_word="graupel">graupel</span> and hail, as main forms.<ref>"Precipitation". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society (2009)</ref></span></font> <br/>''</span>
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| − | <span style="color:#008000">''<br/>''</span>
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| − | <span style="color:#008000">''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''Evaporation '''<span style="font-weight: normal">is the <span data-scaytid="29" data-scayt_word="vaporation">vaporation</span> of water from land or from the water surface. <ref>H. Häckel: Meteorologie. UTB 1338. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1999 (4. Aufl.), ISBN 3-8252-1338-2. </ref></span></font> <br/>''</span>
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| − | <span style="color:#008000">''<br/>''</span>
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| − | <span style="color:#008000">''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">When the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess the water from rain, <span data-scaytid="30" data-scayt_word="meltwater">meltwater</span> or other sources flows over the land, that is called </span>'''runoff. <ref>Keith Beven, Robert E. Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes, Hydrological Processes, Wiley Intersciences DOI 10:1002 hyp 5740 (2004).</ref>'''</font>''<br/></span><br/>
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| − | '''''<font color="#b2b2b2"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal">data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAHEAAAA0CAIAAAAyiUBYAAABwElEQVR4nO3YTXKEIBQEYI7mgVznJlbu4jL38CxkMcgIPBCwEaW6i40zCern42dUP79/bNimul/BeI2mjU01Uxua4kNTfGiKD03xoSk+NMWHpvjQFB+a4kNTfGiKD03xaWXa+Nlsy6SUUmpatjYnuJImpuErr5pe1lkJmVfnu8/hs3KTaUWfeymKpqPUaUyqouVc2aPZksk1BYJmyiZNhS/Fup6WTfpj7xNzOK92TvlOKe4MlDXV9DRNyxaZRiaKMtPATpzRz8dNf9PYGUtMzc17RHtRlZgeCnEXtf/m9/sCU++kcumZ+3FRzJF/834Rn5setdznVII6hCmqTo9WsdnEd362qXfGy/OpFYKbvqFOxSurmE8jlVRlKo39zPQ0TV9Zgam5/Wj5eKvN9wmkTG2hBjMqao3Sz9rzi2tUfITKP3PTpvHhDzTNzxVKm5Kxn9yefnJgndf9MG0q9Zyz6b/J9EpvpxFIwt9DN6aJqW7+rs9JuJqIG87b0sr0zkS3PZ1ev4xgqrWwCnV8sTqK6ZNCU3xoig9N8aEpPjTFh6b40BQfmuJDU3xoig9N8aEpPjTFJ2rKBmk0pekbGk3x7R9Ifh6gyNiEQQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==</span></font></font>'''''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: normal"><u>The World's Surface Water</u> ''(http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/worlds-surface-water-precipitation-evaporation-and-runoff_4701, ''<font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">'''''<span style="font-weight: normal">accessed 2013-11-06</span>'''''</font>)</span></font>
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