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| | <font size="2">The most important donors for EbA-related activities in Germany are the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) and the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Adaptation to climate change is part of the </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">BMZ</font></font>'''<font size="2">portfolio on "climate policy and climate financing" and of growing interest due to its strong interlinkage with poverty alleviation. Funding is mostly provided by the <u>Energy and Climate Fund </u>(EKF) and the <u>International Climate Change Initiative </u>(IKI). Within IKI the </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">BMU</font></font>'''<font size="2">has </font><font size="2">focused on the "green sector" since 2008 and EbA was consequently introduced to the funding portfolios as a priority area in 2010 and 2011 (see <u>selection procedure</u>).</font> <font size="2">In GIZ the implementation of EbA varies from EbA as a cross-sectoral issue in mainstreaming adaptation to climate change into development to single EbA components, measures or specific EbA projects. Already several ongoing GIZ projects practice EbA measures in the context of natural resource management without labelling them as such (see section "<u>Must haves and nice to haves</u>").</font> | | <font size="2">The most important donors for EbA-related activities in Germany are the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) and the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Adaptation to climate change is part of the </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">BMZ</font></font>'''<font size="2">portfolio on "climate policy and climate financing" and of growing interest due to its strong interlinkage with poverty alleviation. Funding is mostly provided by the <u>Energy and Climate Fund </u>(EKF) and the <u>International Climate Change Initiative </u>(IKI). Within IKI the </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">BMU</font></font>'''<font size="2">has </font><font size="2">focused on the "green sector" since 2008 and EbA was consequently introduced to the funding portfolios as a priority area in 2010 and 2011 (see <u>selection procedure</u>).</font> <font size="2">In GIZ the implementation of EbA varies from EbA as a cross-sectoral issue in mainstreaming adaptation to climate change into development to single EbA components, measures or specific EbA projects. Already several ongoing GIZ projects practice EbA measures in the context of natural resource management without labelling them as such (see section "<u>Must haves and nice to haves</u>").</font> |
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| − | <font size="2">In general, the EbA approach under the </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">BMZ</font></font>'''<font size="2">is usually part of a broader adaptation strategy, visible in EbA components in </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">mainstreaming</font></font>'''<font size="2">or pilot projects. For example in the project "Capacity Building for Collaborative Management of Coastal Wetlands in Soc Trang" in Vietnam, EbA is mainstreamed within cross-sectoral cooperation while further local measures for wetlands conservation have been piloted.</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">EbA projects commissioned by the </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">BMU</font></font>'''<font size="2">-IKI are generally </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">projects</font></font>'''<font size="2">with a specific focus on EbA measures for climate change adaptation. Examples include projects such as "Coastal and marine biodiversity and capacity development for adaptation to climate change" in Costa Rica, "Biodiversity and climate change in the Atlantic Forest Biome in Brazil" and the currently planned "Flood and drought prevention through ecosystem-based adaptation in watersheds" project in Thailand.</font> <font size="2"><font size="2"></font></font></font> | + | <font size="2">In general, the EbA approach under the </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">BMZ</font></font>'''<font size="2">is usually part of a broader adaptation strategy, visible in EbA components in </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">mainstreaming</font></font>'''<font size="2">or pilot projects. For example in the project "Capacity Building for Collaborative Management of Coastal Wetlands in Soc Trang" in Vietnam, EbA is mainstreamed within cross-sectoral cooperation while further local measures for wetlands conservation have been piloted.</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">EbA projects commissioned by the </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">BMU</font></font>'''<font size="2">-IKI are generally </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">projects</font></font>'''<font size="2">with a specific focus on EbA measures for climate change adaptation. Examples include projects such as "Coastal and marine biodiversity and capacity development for adaptation to climate change" in Costa Rica, "Biodiversity and climate change in the Atlantic Forest Biome in Brazil" and the currently planned "Flood and drought prevention through ecosystem-based adaptation in watersheds" project in Thailand.</font></font> |
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| | == <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2">Overview of EbA promoting institutions at international level</font></font></font> == | | == <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2">Overview of EbA promoting institutions at international level</font></font></font> == |
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| | <font size="2">A large number of actors have taken up EbA in their measures and approaches and their numbers are steadily growing as awareness for EbA is increasing. These range from donors, international, national and regional NGOs, to implementing agencies, research institutions and global networks.</font> <font size="2">Some actors have integrated EbA as a core activity. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">IUCN</font></font>'''<font size="2">), Conservation International (</font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">CI</font></font>'''<font size="2">), the Centre for International Forestry Research (</font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">CIFOR</font></font>'''<font size="2">) and the Nature Conservancy (</font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">TNC</font></font>'''<font size="2">), for example, support various projects, research studies and mainstreaming of EbA. In response to the 2010 UNFCCC Cancun Agreements, a €10 million <u>EbA flagship program in mountain ecosystems </u>is being funded by the BMU (see above). The program was initiated as a joint effort with </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">IUCN</font></font>'''<font size="2">, </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">UNEP</font></font>'''<font size="2">and </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">UNDP</font></font>'''<font size="2">looking at the impacts</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">of climate change on Mountain Ecosystems in Nepal, Peru and Uganda and reducing their vulnerability by promoting EbA options.</font></font> | | <font size="2">A large number of actors have taken up EbA in their measures and approaches and their numbers are steadily growing as awareness for EbA is increasing. These range from donors, international, national and regional NGOs, to implementing agencies, research institutions and global networks.</font> <font size="2">Some actors have integrated EbA as a core activity. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">IUCN</font></font>'''<font size="2">), Conservation International (</font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">CI</font></font>'''<font size="2">), the Centre for International Forestry Research (</font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">CIFOR</font></font>'''<font size="2">) and the Nature Conservancy (</font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">TNC</font></font>'''<font size="2">), for example, support various projects, research studies and mainstreaming of EbA. In response to the 2010 UNFCCC Cancun Agreements, a €10 million <u>EbA flagship program in mountain ecosystems </u>is being funded by the BMU (see above). The program was initiated as a joint effort with </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">IUCN</font></font>'''<font size="2">, </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">UNEP</font></font>'''<font size="2">and </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">UNDP</font></font>'''<font size="2">looking at the impacts</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">of climate change on Mountain Ecosystems in Nepal, Peru and Uganda and reducing their vulnerability by promoting EbA options.</font></font> |
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| − | <font size="2"><font size="2">The <u>Ecosystems and Livelihoods Adaptation Network </u>(</font></font><font size="2">'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">ELAN</font></font>'''<font size="2">) partnership (IUCN, </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">WWF</font></font>'''<font size="2">, </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">CARE</font></font>'''<font size="2">, </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">IIED</font></font>'''<font size="2">) is active in different areas: (1) informing policy (guidelines); (2) good practices; (3) capacity building (training materials and workshops); (4) strengthening science and knowledge; and (5) developing networks (see <u>Social Networking Analysis Report 2011</u>). Furthermore, a new ‘EBA Decision Support Framework’ is under development by UNEP and partners to assist national planners and decision makers select, design, implement and track EbA approaches as part of a wider adaptation strategy (<u>Ecosystem based Adaptation Guidance</u>).</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">Universities and research institutes like CIFOR, the International Centre for Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education (CATIE) and UN World Conservation Monitoring Centre (</font></font></font><font size="2"><font size="2">'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">UNEP-WCMC</font></font>'''<font size="2">) play an important role in the collection of evidence for EbA and filling knowledge gaps. Together with GIZ, for example, the Centre for Economics and Ecosystem Management at the Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development has developed the MARISCO methodology, which aims to assess the vulnerability of conservation sites. In coordination with the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), GIZ published the study "<u>Enhancing Adaptation of Forests and People in Africa</u>".</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">GIZ is also implementing EbA measures in cooperation with other international institutions such as "Strategies to Climate Change in Ecuador and Colombia" which is currently planned together with GIZ and IUCN. This is particularly applicable in the context of BMU-IKI projects. <font size="3"></font></font></font></font></font> | + | <font size="2"><font size="2">The <u>Ecosystems and Livelihoods Adaptation Network </u>(</font></font><font size="2">'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">ELAN</font></font>'''<font size="2">) partnership (IUCN, </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">WWF</font></font>'''<font size="2">, </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">CARE</font></font>'''<font size="2">, </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">IIED</font></font>'''<font size="2">) is active in different areas: (1) informing policy (guidelines); (2) good practices; (3) capacity building (training materials and workshops); (4) strengthening science and knowledge; and (5) developing networks (see <u>Social Networking Analysis Report 2011</u>). Furthermore, a new ‘EBA Decision Support Framework’ is under development by UNEP and partners to assist national planners and decision makers select, design, implement and track EbA approaches as part of a wider adaptation strategy (<u>Ecosystem based Adaptation Guidance</u>).</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">Universities and research institutes like CIFOR, the International Centre for Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education (CATIE) and UN World Conservation Monitoring Centre (</font></font></font><font size="2"><font size="2">'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">UNEP-WCMC</font></font>'''<font size="2">) play an important role in the collection of evidence for EbA and filling knowledge gaps. Together with GIZ, for example, the Centre for Economics and Ecosystem Management at the Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development has developed the MARISCO methodology, which aims to assess the vulnerability of conservation sites. In coordination with the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), GIZ published the study "<u>Enhancing Adaptation of Forests and People in Africa</u>".</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">GIZ is also implementing EbA measures in cooperation with other international institutions such as "Strategies to Climate Change in Ecuador and Colombia" which is currently planned together with GIZ and IUCN. This is particularly applicable in the context of BMU-IKI projects.</font></font></font></font> |
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| − | <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="3">Concept and Methodology</font></font></font></font></font> | + | = <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="3">Concept and Methodology</font></font></font></font></font> = |
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| − | <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="3">Conceptual Background </font></font></font></font></font> | + | == <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="3">Conceptual Background</font></font></font></font></font> == |
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| | <font size="2">Ecosystem-based adaptation was defined as reducing the vulnerability to climate change of people through the sustainable use and conservation of ecosystems. In contrast to common natural resources and biodiversity management approaches, EbA purposefully assesses and selects measures in the context of an overall </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">adaptation strategy</font></font>'''<font size="2">. </font> <font size="2">Although EbA measures use ecosystems to adapt to climate change, EbA still is an </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">anthropogenic approach</font></font>'''<font size="2">which particularly utilizes the ability of ecosystems to provide so called ecosystem services. They are also referred to as "Green Infrastructure" and can be seen as complementary to or substitutes of hard ("grey") infrastructural measures. For example, ecosystems are able to generate direct services such as food and building material, as well as indirect services like water purification or pollination. An overview of ecosystem services has been described by <u>The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity</u>, TEEB<ref>TEEB is a global Initiative hosted by UNEP: www.teebtest.org</ref></font><font size="2">.</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">Apart from the intended outcomes, EbA measures tend to generate additional </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">co-benefits</font></font>'''<font size="2">such as carbon sequestration or biodiversity conservation, improved livelihood conditions and are generally considered no-regret options.</font> <font size="2">To determine the specific requirements of maintaining or restoring an ecosystem and its services, EbA ideally draws on studies of climate change impacts or </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">integrated climate analyses</font></font>'''<font size="2">, which make use of climate scenarios and models.</font></font> | | <font size="2">Ecosystem-based adaptation was defined as reducing the vulnerability to climate change of people through the sustainable use and conservation of ecosystems. In contrast to common natural resources and biodiversity management approaches, EbA purposefully assesses and selects measures in the context of an overall </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">adaptation strategy</font></font>'''<font size="2">. </font> <font size="2">Although EbA measures use ecosystems to adapt to climate change, EbA still is an </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">anthropogenic approach</font></font>'''<font size="2">which particularly utilizes the ability of ecosystems to provide so called ecosystem services. They are also referred to as "Green Infrastructure" and can be seen as complementary to or substitutes of hard ("grey") infrastructural measures. For example, ecosystems are able to generate direct services such as food and building material, as well as indirect services like water purification or pollination. An overview of ecosystem services has been described by <u>The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity</u>, TEEB<ref>TEEB is a global Initiative hosted by UNEP: www.teebtest.org</ref></font><font size="2">.</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">Apart from the intended outcomes, EbA measures tend to generate additional </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">co-benefits</font></font>'''<font size="2">such as carbon sequestration or biodiversity conservation, improved livelihood conditions and are generally considered no-regret options.</font> <font size="2">To determine the specific requirements of maintaining or restoring an ecosystem and its services, EbA ideally draws on studies of climate change impacts or </font> '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">integrated climate analyses</font></font>'''<font size="2">, which make use of climate scenarios and models.</font></font> |
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| − | <font size="2"><font size="2">Worldwide surveys have shown that restoration and conservation of ecosystems are generally very </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">cost effective</font></font>'''<font size="2">and highly profitable for maintaining ecosystem services. In comparison to the economic loss caused by loss of ecosystem services, the cost-benefit ratio of return of investment of appropriate restoration of ecosystems may be as high as 3 to 75, depending on the ecosystem context and the measures taken (<u>UNEP 2010</u>, 6). For example, a study in Vietnam shows that planting or maintaining mangrove forests to act as breakwaters for coastal protection is significantly cheaper (costing 1.1 million USD for 12,000 hectares) than mechanical repair of wave-induced dike erosion (costing 3.7 million USD annually) (<u>IFRC: World Disasters Report 2002</u>, 95).</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">Climate change manifests itself in many different ways, such as changed patterns in temperature, precipitation or seasons. Adaptation approaches therefore have to regard the interdependencies between the climatic, ecological, social and economic dimensions. The proposed EbA approach, being based on elaborate cause-and-effect chains, as explained in the following section, enables the '''<font face="times new roman">integration of adaptation benefits right from the planning phase.</font>'''<font size="2">Thus it is drawing </font><font size="2">adaptive capacity from ecosystem and ecosystem services as well as strengthening their resilience against climate change.</font> <font size="2">It is important to differentiate between utilizing ecosystem services for an adaptation purpose (EbA) and adapting ecosystems and ecosystem management to climate change in order to maintain their services (adaptation of ecosystems). The latter can be neccessary to sustain ecosystem services under the pressure of a changing climate. </font></font></font></font> | + | <font size="2"><font size="2">Worldwide surveys have shown that restoration and conservation of ecosystems are generally very </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">cost effective</font></font>'''<font size="2">and highly profitable for maintaining ecosystem services. In comparison to the economic loss caused by loss of ecosystem services, the cost-benefit ratio of return of investment of appropriate restoration of ecosystems may be as high as 3 to 75, depending on the ecosystem context and the measures taken (<u>UNEP 2010</u>, 6). For example, a study in Vietnam shows that planting or maintaining mangrove forests to act as breakwaters for coastal protection is significantly cheaper (costing 1.1 million USD for 12,000 hectares) than mechanical repair of wave-induced dike erosion (costing 3.7 million USD annually) (<u>IFRC: World Disasters Report 2002</u>, 95).</font> <font size="2"><font size="2">Climate change manifests itself in many different ways, such as changed patterns in temperature, precipitation or seasons. Adaptation approaches therefore have to regard the interdependencies between the climatic, ecological, social and economic dimensions. The proposed EbA approach, being based on elaborate cause-and-effect chains, as explained in the following section, enables the '''<font face="times new roman">integration of adaptation benefits right from the planning phase.</font>'''<font size="2">Thus it is drawing </font><font size="2">adaptive capacity from ecosystem and ecosystem services as well as strengthening their resilience against climate change.</font> <font size="2">It is important to differentiate between utilizing ecosystem services for an adaptation purpose (EbA) and adapting ecosystems and ecosystem management to climate change in order to maintain their services (adaptation of ecosystems). The latter can be neccessary to sustain ecosystem services under the pressure of a changing climate.</font></font></font></font> |
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| | == <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2">Mainstreaming of EbA</font></font></font> == | | == <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2">Mainstreaming of EbA</font></font></font> == |
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| − | In step 3 EbA options should be considered next to other adaptation options.
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| − | In step 4 decision makers will need arguments for choosing EbA measures. A proactive communication concept for EbA will be helpful in familiarizing stakeholders with potential advantages. | + | <font size="2">The <font size="2">'''<font size="2">EbA mainstreaming cycle</font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">explains how to integrate EbA into a project, policy or planning process. Following the different steps is closely related to the step-by-step approach of the tool "<u>Climate Proofing for Development</u>", pinpointing the particularities of EbA. Figure 2 visualizes the EbA mainstreaming cycle and gives some examples of tools, methods and approaches that can be utilized at each step (still work in progress). In the beginning, the exposure unit (region, sector, etc.) is screened by</font></font>'''<font size="2">applying a climate lens</font>'''<font size="2"></font><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">. To be able to sustain development efforts also in a context of climate change, adaptation needs are being assessed in step 2.</font></font>'''<font size="2">The vulnerability assessment</font>'''<font size="2"></font><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">considers exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. To identify interdependencies the DPSIR framework can be of help. EbA specifies are most prominent in the following steps:</font></font>'''<font size="2">identification, selection and implementation of adaptation options</font>'''<font size="2"></font><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">.</font></font></font></font><font size="2"><font size="2">In step 4 decision makers will need arguments for choosing EbA measures. A proactive communication concept for EbA will be helpful in familiarizing stakeholders with potential advantages.</font></font> |
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| − | Once EbA options have been chosen another question arises for the implementation (step 5). Only functioning ecosystems and their services can be used for the purpose of adaptation. However, they are often affected by anthropogenic pressures and there might be <font size="2">additional threats from climate change which are becoming more and more important. Thus, within an EbA approach, activities to adapt ecosystems to the effects of climate change can be of importance to secure the EbA options which have been chosen.</font>
| + | <font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font>In step 3 EbA options should be considered next to other adaptation options. |
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| − | <font size="2">The </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">evaluation</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font><font size="2">concludes the cycle. </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">Monitoring</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font><font size="2">instead is a process coherent in every stage (see "<u>Adaptation made to measure"</u>).</font> | + | <font size="2"><font size="2">Once EbA options have been chosen another question arises for the implementation (step 5). Only functioning ecosystems and their services can be used for the purpose of adaptation. However, they are often affected by anthropogenic pressures and there might be <font size="2">additional threats from climate change which are becoming more and more important. Thus, within an EbA approach, activities to adapt ecosystems to the effects of climate change can be of importance to secure the EbA options which have been chosen.</font></font></font> |
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| − | = <font size="2">EbA in Practice</font> = | + | <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2">The </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">evaluation</font></font>'''<font size="2">concludes the cycle. </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">Monitoring</font></font>'''<font size="2">instead is a process coherent in every stage (see "<u>Adaptation made to measure"</u>).</font></font></font> |
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| − | Must haves and nico to haves
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| − | as mangrove forests, are heavily degraded through intensive monocultures, shrimp farming and unsustainable use of resources. The main objective of the project is to increase the protective function of the coastal forests through sustainable resource management and the promotion of biodiversity.
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| − | Moreover, additional complementary measures can be taken, so-called "nice to haves". These include:
| + | <font size="2"><font size="2">Must haves and nico to haves <font size="2"><font size="2">as mangrove forests, are heavily degraded through intensive monocultures, shrimp farming and unsustainable use of resources. The main objective of the project is to increase the protective function of the coastal forests through sustainable resource management and the promotion of biodiversity.</font></font></font></font> |
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| − | '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">Examples for opportunity costs</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">(</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">EbA</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font><font lang="zh-tw" face="wingdings,wingdings" size="2"><font lang="zh-tw" face="wingdings,wingdings" size="2"></font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">infrastructure measures</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">): Mangrove reforestation and renaturation, for example, greatly reduces costs of dike construction and maintenance.</font></font>
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| − | '''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">Sustainably functioning financing mechanisms, for instance Payments for Ecosystem Services</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">(PES): landowners and users are offered monetary or non-monetary incentives in exchange for managing their land to provide certain quantity or quality of ecosystem services, e.g. payments of downstream river users to upstream users for proper waste management to reduce river pollution.</font></font>
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| − | Bearing these aspects in mind when designing and implementing an EbA project is an important step towards avoiding pitfalls, such as the accidental introduction of non-native invasive species, inadequate integration of stakeholders and socio-economic issues or improper and partial restoration resulting in monocultures with little ecosystem service capacity.
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| − | = See also = | + | <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2">Moreover, additional complementary measures can be taken, so-called "nice to haves". These include:</font></font></font></font> |
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| | + | Quantification of ecosystem services and cost-benefit analyses |
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| − | [[:File:GIZ (2013). ecosystem-based-adaptation.pdf|GIZ (2013). ecosystem-based-adaptation.pdf]]
| + | <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2">'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">Examples for opportunity costs</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">(</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">EbA</font></font>'''<font lang="zh-tw" face="wingdings,wingdings" size="2"><font lang="zh-tw" face="wingdings,wingdings" size="2"></font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">infrastructure measures</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">): Mangrove reforestation and renaturation, for example, greatly reduces costs of dike construction and maintenance.</font></font> </dir></font></font></font></font> |
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| − | BfN (2011): Ecosystem–based approaches to adaptation and mitigation — good practice examples and lessons learned in Europe.<br/>IUCN (2009): Ecosystem–based Adaptation: A natural response to climate change.<br/>Jones, Hole and Zavaleta (2012): Harnessing nature to help people to adapt to climate change, in Perspective. Nature climate change, 504-509.<br/>Proact Network (2008): The Role of Environmental Management and eco-engineering in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation.<br/>UNEP, SREP (2012): A comparative analysis of ecosystem–based adaptation and engineering options for Lami Town, Fiji.<br/>UNEP (2012): Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Guidance, Moving from Principles to Practice.<br/>UNEP, UNDP, IUCN, BMU (2012): Making the case for ecosystem-based adaptation. Building resilience to climate change.<br/>Worldbank (2009): Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth: Ecosystem–based Approaches to Climate Change.
| + | <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2">'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">Sustainably functioning financing mechanisms, for instance Payments for Ecosystem Services</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">(PES): landowners and users are offered monetary or non-monetary incentives in exchange for managing their land to provide certain quantity or quality of ecosystem services, e.g. payments of downstream river users to upstream users for proper waste management to reduce river pollution.</font></font></font></font></font></font> |
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| − | = References = | + | <font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2"><font size="2">Bearing these aspects in mind when designing and implementing an EbA project is an important step towards avoiding pitfalls, such as the accidental introduction of non-native invasive species, inadequate integration of stakeholders and socio-economic issues or improper and partial restoration resulting in monocultures with little ecosystem service capacity.</font></font></font></font></font></font> |
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| − | <references /> | + | == <br/>EbA Measures == |
| − | </font>EbA Measures</font></font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">Quantification of ecosystem services and cost-benefit analyses</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">(for more information see manual <u>Integrating Ecosystem Services into Development Planning</u>).</font></font></font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">EbA mainstreaming cycle</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font><font size="2">explains how to integrate EbA into a project, policy or planning process. Following the different steps is closely related to the step-by-step approach of the tool "<u>Climate Proofing for Development</u>", pinpointing the particularities of EbA. In the beginning, the exposure unit (region, sector, etc.) is screened by </font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">applying a climate lens</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font><font size="2">. </font><font size="2"></font><font size="2">The knowledge on EbA implementation is constantly being refined and complemented. While some elements in project design are seen as a necessity in EbA measures and must be included ("</font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">must haves</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font><font size="2">"), others are additional steps that complement the measure ("</font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">nice to have</font></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"></font></font><font size="2">"), a categorisation which is still to be elaborated further. In the following, EbA "must haves" and "nice to have" will be explained with the aid of a concrete project example, the project "Adaptation to climate change by promoting the biodiversity in province Bac Lieu", Vietnam". The Mekong Delta was identified by the Worldbank and the IPCC as one of the regions most threated by climate change. Different climate scenarios predict increasing flooding events, tropical storms, a rise in sea level and soil salination in the near future. At the same time, natural protection systems against these threats, such</font>
| + | <br/></font>'''<font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2"><font face="adobe garamond pro,adobe garamond pro" size="2">(for more information see manual <u>Integrating Ecosystem Services into Development Planning</u>).</font></font> |
“Ecosystem-based adaptation is the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change.” CBD 2009
People worldwide depend on functioning ecosystems and the services they provide, such as soil fertility, clean water and food. This is especially true for poor people in developing countries, whose livelihoods are closely linked to natural resources. Climate change is one of the major causes of changes and deterioration in ecosystem services and its impact will most likely increase in the future (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). At the same time, functioning ecosystems help people to mitigate and more importantly to adapt to climate change – this is referred to as “ecosystem-based adaptation” (EbA). For instance, moors act as natural water storages, buffering increasing amounts of sudden rainfalls and mangroves act as natural barriers against storms and floods in coastal regions. In the UK, for example, more than 3.000 ha of farmland were converted back into moors and wetlands as a means of reducing flooding events.[1]
While humans have always benefited from nature and used ecosystem services to adapt to changing conditions, the concept of EbA is fairly new. The related “ecosystem based management” rose in relevance and gained support after the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). The idea of ecosystem-based adaptation originally arose in NGO and intergovernmental organization circles as “natural solutions to climate change”.
EbA has evolved into an important link between the three Rio Conventions: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Of the three Rio conventions, the CBD concerns itself the most with EbA. Parties to the CBD first committed to adaptation activities during COP 5 held in 2000. In particular, decision V/3 on marine and coastal biodiversity included adaptation to climate change within the framework of ‘priority areas for action on coral bleaching’. Another important milestone is the agreement on the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2010, which include the commitment to minimize “the multiple
anthropogenic pressures on vulnerable ecosystems” (target 10) and enhance “ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to climate change mitigation and adaptation” (target 15). The concept of EbA was first introduced into the UNFCCC in 2008 at the COP 14, with the issue being pushed by NGOs such as IUCN, TNC and others.
Under the Cancun Adaptation Framework (2010) parties are encouraged to build the resilience of ecological systems, and slow onsetting events such as biodiversity loss, forest degradation and desertification are addressed. In this context, UNCCD has been engaged in enhancing the adaptive capacities of dryland populations to highly variable environmental conditions. After several years of discussion on definitions and content, current efforts strive to provide information on the implementation and financing of EbA measures and to fill knowledge gaps on the links between climate change and biodiversity (see recent decisions at CBD COP 10). A database on EbA approaches was mandated in the context of the UNFCCC Nairobi work programme in 2011. Under the same programme a workshop on ecosystem-based approaches for adaptation is to be held in 2013 in cooperation with the CBD and UNCCD, which will consider the synergies and lessons learned through the implementation of the three Rio Conventions.
