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| − | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Ecological Sanitation (also: EcoSan, Sustainable Sanitation, Alternative Sanitation) is a sanitation approach which aims at collecting the different waste streams separately at source and treating them individually with the objective of recovering valuable nutrients and reusing the clarified water.</font></font> | + | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Ecological Sanitation (also: EcoSan, Sustainable Sanitation, Alternative Sanitation) is a sanitation approach which aims at collecting the different waste streams separately at source and treating them individually with the objective of recovering valuable nutrients and [[Reuse|reusing]] the clarified water.</font></font> |
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| | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Ecological sanitation technologies are based on the following three fundamental aspects<ref>Sida/Esrey S. et al. (1998): Ecological Sanitation. http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Ecological_Sanitation.pdf (Access 2013-12-30)</ref><span style="background: #00ff00"></span>:</font></font> | | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Ecological sanitation technologies are based on the following three fundamental aspects<ref>Sida/Esrey S. et al. (1998): Ecological Sanitation. http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Ecological_Sanitation.pdf (Access 2013-12-30)</ref><span style="background: #00ff00"></span>:</font></font> |
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| | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">pollution prevention rather than pollution control</font></font> | | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">pollution prevention rather than pollution control</font></font> |
| | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">sanitize human excreta</font></font> | | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">sanitize human excreta</font></font> |
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| | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">The reuse of wastewater in agriculture is increasing both in developing and industrialized countries. The main drivers are<ref>WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Volume 2 - Wastewater use in agriculture. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546832_eng.pdf (Access 2013-12-30)</ref>:</font></font> | | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">The reuse of wastewater in agriculture is increasing both in developing and industrialized countries. The main drivers are<ref>WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Volume 2 - Wastewater use in agriculture. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546832_eng.pdf (Access 2013-12-30)</ref>:</font></font> |
| − | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">increasing water scarcity and degradation of water quality resulting from improper wastewater disposal</font></font> | + | |
| − | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">population growth and related increased food demand</font></font> | + | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">increasing [[Water scarcity|water scarcity]] and degradation of water [[Quality|quality]] resulting from improper wastewater disposal</font></font> |
| | + | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">population growth and related increased [[Food security|food demand]]</font></font> |
| | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">acceptance of wastewater (and the containing nutrients) as a resource</font></font> | | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">acceptance of wastewater (and the containing nutrients) as a resource</font></font> |
| | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), and more specially the MDGs focusing on environamental sustainability and the elimination of poverty and hunger.</font></font> | | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), and more specially the MDGs focusing on environamental sustainability and the elimination of poverty and hunger.</font></font> |
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| | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">No Mix toilets are used to separate urine from feces directly at source. The benefits of using such separation toilets are manifold:</font></font> | | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">No Mix toilets are used to separate urine from feces directly at source. The benefits of using such separation toilets are manifold:</font></font> |
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| | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">they save up to 80% of the water used for toilet flushing (this represents 30% of the average daily water use of a Western European)<ref>Larsen et al. (2001): Re-engineering the toilet for sustainable wastewater management. Environ Sci Technol 35:192A-7A</ref></font></font> | | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">they save up to 80% of the water used for toilet flushing (this represents 30% of the average daily water use of a Western European)<ref>Larsen et al. (2001): Re-engineering the toilet for sustainable wastewater management. Environ Sci Technol 35:192A-7A</ref></font></font> |
| | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">urine is collected as a concentrated nutrient solution free of pathogens. In fact, urine contributes to less than 1% of the composition of municipal wastewater whilst adding more than 50% of the phosphorus and more than 75% of the nitrogen load<ref>Larsen and Gujer (1996): Separate management of anthropogenic nutrient solutions (human urine). Water Sci Technol 34:87-94.</ref>.</font></font> | | *<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">urine is collected as a concentrated nutrient solution free of pathogens. In fact, urine contributes to less than 1% of the composition of municipal wastewater whilst adding more than 50% of the phosphorus and more than 75% of the nitrogen load<ref>Larsen and Gujer (1996): Separate management of anthropogenic nutrient solutions (human urine). Water Sci Technol 34:87-94.</ref>.</font></font> |
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| | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">The major proportion of the nutrients is excreted with human urine. It contains most of the macronutrients and smaller amounts of the micronutrients in plant available forms. Urine is a nitrogen-rich liquid fertilizer with N concentrations of 3 to 7 grams per liter of urine. An adult produces between 0.8 and 1.5 liters of urine per day.</font></font> | | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">The major proportion of the nutrients is excreted with human urine. It contains most of the macronutrients and smaller amounts of the micronutrients in plant available forms. Urine is a nitrogen-rich liquid fertilizer with N concentrations of 3 to 7 grams per liter of urine. An adult produces between 0.8 and 1.5 liters of urine per day.</font></font> |
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| − | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">The use of human urine in plant production represents low health risks if there is no of little feacal cross-contamination. Pharmaceutical residues and hormones are excreted with urine. However, the risk of negative impacts on plants or human beings is thought to be negligible. The risk of using human urine as a fertilizer is far lower than the risk associated with using sewage sludge or farmyard manure for example. Storage is a simple, efficient and cheap method for treating collected urine. More complex treatment methods include technologies such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, freeze/thaw, stripping/adsorption, nitrification, nanofiltration, ozonation or struvite precipitation.</font></font> | + | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">According to the EcoSanRes Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production<ref>Richert et al. (2011): Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production. EcoSanRes Series 2010-1. http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/ESR2010-1-PracticalGuidanceOnTheUseOfUrineInCropProduction.pdf (Access 2013-12-30)</ref>, the use of human urine in plant production represents low health risks if there is no of little feacal cross-contamination. Pharmaceutical residues and hormones are excreted with urine. However, the risk of negative impacts on plants or human beings is thought to be negligible. The risk of using human urine as a fertilizer is far lower than the risk associated with using sewage sludge or farmyard manure for example. Storage is a simple, efficient and cheap method for treating collected urine. More complex treatment methods include technologies such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, freeze/thaw, stripping/adsorption, nitrification, nanofiltration, ozonation or struvite precipitation<ref>Maurer et al. (2006): Treatment processes for source-separated urine. Wat Res 40:3151-66.</ref>.</font></font> |
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| | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">During storage, urine sludge is generated as a result of the degradation of urea to ammonium. The sludge is composed of phosphate, magnesium, calcium and ammonium precipitates. It can be mixed with the supernatant and used with the rest of the urine.</font></font> | | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">During storage, urine sludge is generated as a result of the degradation of urea to ammonium. The sludge is composed of phosphate, magnesium, calcium and ammonium precipitates. It can be mixed with the supernatant and used with the rest of the urine.</font></font> |
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| − | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Field trials have shown that yields of urine-fertilized crops did not differ from mineral fertilized crops.</font></font>
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| | = <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3">'''Brown Water (feces)'''</font></font> = | | = <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3">'''Brown Water (feces)'''</font></font> = |
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| | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Although feces contain lower nutrients than urine, the concentration of phosphorus and potassium is high. Feces also contain organic matter, which improves the water-holding and buffering capacity as well as the structure of soils.</font></font> | | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Although feces contain lower nutrients than urine, the concentration of phosphorus and potassium is high. Feces also contain organic matter, which improves the water-holding and buffering capacity as well as the structure of soils.</font></font> |
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| − | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Contrary to urine, feces contains large amounts of pathogens. Therefore, safe handling and treatment of feces are crucial in order to minimize disease transmission. The risk of odors, flies and number of potential pathogens in the feces can be reduced by adding ash after each defecation in a dry system. This is referred to as primary treatment. Secondary treatment takes place when the collection period is completed. The various options include composting, digestion, storage, chemical treatment and incineration.</font></font> | + | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Contrary to urine, feces contains large amounts of pathogens. Therefore, safe handling and treatment of feces are crucial in order to minimize disease transmission. The risk of odors, flies and number of potential pathogens in the feces can be reduced by adding ash after each defecation in a dry system. This is referred to as primary treatment. Secondary treatment takes place when the collection period is completed. The various options include composting, digestion, storage, chemical treatment and incineration<ref>Jönsson et al. (2004): Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. EcoSanRes report 2004-2. http://netssaftutorial.com/fileadmin/DATA_CD/04_Step4/SE5._Guidelines_on_the_use_of_urine_and_faeces.pdf (Access 2013-12-30)</ref>.</font></font> |
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| | = <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3">'''Greywater'''</font></font> = | | = <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3">'''Greywater'''</font></font> = |
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| | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Greywater is essentially all wastewater except toilet wastes (toilet wastewater is called “blackwater”). It is sometimes referred to as washwater as it contains water from sinks, showers, tubs and washing machines. Greywater can directly be used as irrigation water by introducing it into the topsoil. Untreated greywater should not come in contact with edible parts of crops.</font></font> | | <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Greywater is essentially all wastewater except toilet wastes (toilet wastewater is called “blackwater”). It is sometimes referred to as washwater as it contains water from sinks, showers, tubs and washing machines. Greywater can directly be used as irrigation water by introducing it into the topsoil. Untreated greywater should not come in contact with edible parts of crops.</font></font> |
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| | = <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3">'''Examples'''</font></font> = | | = <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3">'''Examples'''</font></font> = |
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| + | *Novaquatis, eawag project that focused on urine source separation, Switzerland ([http://www.novaquatis.eawag.ch/index_EN http://www.novaquatis.eawag.ch/index_EN]) |
| | + | *VUNA, Nutrient harvesting in South Africa ([http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/eng/gruppen/vuna/index_EN http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/eng/gruppen/vuna/index_EN]) |
| | + | *STUN, Nutrient valorization from urine in Nepal ([http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/gruppen/EWM/projects_ewm/stun/index_EN http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/gruppen/EWM/projects_ewm/stun/index_EN]) |
| | + | *SOIL, Haiti ([http://www.oursoil.org/ http://www.oursoil.org/]) |
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| − | = <font size="3"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">'''Further reading'''</font></font> = | + | = <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3">'''References'''</font></font> = |
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| − | <br/> | + | <references /> |
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| − | = <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3">'''References'''</font></font> = | + | = <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3">'''Further readings'''</font></font> = |
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| − | <references /> | + | [http://www.ecosanres.org/index.htm http://www.ecosanres.org/index.htm] |
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| | + | [http://www.susana.org/ http://www.susana.org/] |
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| | + | [http://www.ecosan.org/ http://www.ecosan.org/] |
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| | + | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Strategy Overview on water, sanitation and hygiene: [http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene]<br/> |
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| | + | Well factsheet on ecological sanitation: [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/Ecological sanitation.htm http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/Ecological sanitation.htm] |
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| | + | Water Aid technical handbook - Construction of ecological sanitation latrine: [http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/construction-ecological-sanitation-latrine-technical-handbook.pdf http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/construction-ecological-sanitation-latrine-technical-handbook.pdf]<br/> |
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| | + | [[Category:Resource_Management]] |
| | + | [[Category:Climate_Change_Adaptation]] |
