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| | 1 Background 23 | | 1 Background 23 |
| | 2 The evolution of Food and Nutrition Security concerns 23 | | 2 The evolution of Food and Nutrition Security concerns 23 |
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| | 3 A holistic understanding of Food and Nutrition Security 24 | | 3 A holistic understanding of Food and Nutrition Security 24 |
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| | 4 Aspects of Food and Nutrition Security 25 | | 4 Aspects of Food and Nutrition Security 25 |
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| | 5 Rational for investing in Food and Nutrition Security 35 | | 5 Rational for investing in Food and Nutrition Security 35 |
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| | 6 Cross cutting issues in Food and Nutrition Security 38 | | 6 Cross cutting issues in Food and Nutrition Security 38 |
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| | 7 Outlook 48 | | 7 Outlook 48 |
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| | II The Food and Nutrition Security Situation in 2009 53 | | II The Food and Nutrition Security Situation in 2009 53 |
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| | 1 Introduction 56 | | 1 Introduction 56 |
| − | 1.1 Definitions and terms 56
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| − | 1.2 Nutrition throughout the lifecycle 56
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| − | 1.3 The double burden of malnutrition 57
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| | 2 Assessing the Food and Nutrition Security situation 57 | | 2 Assessing the Food and Nutrition Security situation 57 |
| − | 2.1 How to calculate food insecurity 57
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| − | 2.2 Most common indicators of nutritional status 57
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| | 3 Current state of food insecurity 58 | | 3 Current state of food insecurity 58 |
| − | 3.1 Low income food deficit countries (LIFDCs) 59
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| − | 3.2 Global prevalence of undernourishment, trends and geographical distribution 59
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| − | 3.3 Vulnerable groups 61
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| | 4 Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) 63 | | 4 Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) 63 |
| − | 4.1 Global prevalence, geographical distribution and trends of protein-energy
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| − | malnutrition among preschool children 63
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| − | 4.2 Maternal malnutrition 64
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| | 5 Vitamin & mineral deficiencies 65 | | 5 Vitamin & mineral deficiencies 65 |
| − | 5.1 Iron deficiency anemia 65
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| − | 5.2 Iodine deficiency 65
| + | II Instruments for the Assessment and Analysis of the Food and Nutrition |
| − | 5.3 Vitamin A deficiency 66
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| − | 5.4 Other micro nutrient deficiencies 66
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| − | Instruments for the Assessment and Analysis of the Food and Nutrition | + | |
| | Security Situation at Macro Level 69 | | Security Situation at Macro Level 69 |
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| | 1 Introduction 72 | | 1 Introduction 72 |
| − | 1.1 Model to analyse the structure of aggregate food deficits 72
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| − | 1.2 Typical food deficit scenarios and its implication for Food and Nutrition Security 73
| + | 2 Indicators to assess and analyse the Food and Nutrition Security situation at macro level 75 |
| − | 2 Indicators to assess and analyse the Food and Nutrition Security situation at | + | |
| − | macro level 75 | + | 3 Methods to assess and analyse the Food and Nutrition Security situation at macro level 82 |
| − | 2.1 Global food indicators on food security 75
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| − | 2.2 Indicators for Food and Nutrition Security at national and regional level 77
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| − | 2.3 Indicators for Food Security Information Systems 82
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| − | 3 Methods to assess and analyse the Food and Nutrition Security situation at | + | |
| − | macro level 82 | + | |
| − | 3.1 Population census 82
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| − | 3.2 Sector analysis 83
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| − | 3.3 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 83
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| − | 3.4 Poverty assessment 85
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| − | 3.5 National Household Food Consumption 85
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| − | 3.6 Household Expenditure Surveys (HES) 86
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| − | 3.7 Multiple Cluster Indicator Survey (MCIS) 86
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| − | 3.8 Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS) 86
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| − | 3.9 Supply Utilisation Accounts (SUA) and Food Balance Sheets (FBS) 87
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| − | 3.10 Market surveys 88
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| − | 3.11 Market Information Systems 89
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| − | 3.12 National Food Storage System Analysis 90
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| − | 3.13 Food crop assessment: pre /post harvest assessment 90
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| − | 3.14 Early warning systems 91
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| − | 3.15 Conflict Analysis 96
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| | IV Instruments for the Assessment and Analysis of the Food and Nutrition | | IV Instruments for the Assessment and Analysis of the Food and Nutrition |
| | Security Situation at Micro and Meso Level 111 | | Security Situation at Micro and Meso Level 111 |
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| | 1 Introduction 113 | | 1 Introduction 113 |
| − | 2 Indicators to assess the Food and Nutrition Security situation at micro and | + | |
| − | meso level 113 | + | 2 Indicators to assess the Food and Nutrition Security situation at micro and meso level 113 |
| − | 2.1 Indicators for measuring the nutritional status at household level –
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| − | the manifestation of malnutrition 114
| + | 3 Instruments and methods to assess the Food and Nutrition Security at micro and meso level 124 |
| − | 2.2 Indicators for measuring the immediate causes of malnutrition 117
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| − | 2.2.1 Food consumption indicators 117
| + | III Security Situation 137 |
| − | 2.2.2 Indicators for health status 118
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| − | 2.3 Indicators for measuring the underlying causes of malnutrition 119
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| − | 3 Instruments and methods to assess the Food and Nutrition Security at micro and | + | |
| − | meso level 124 | + | |
| − | 3.1 Anthropometry 125
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| − | 3.2 Food consumption surveys – individual dietary surveys 125
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| − | 3.3 Laboratory methods 126
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| − | 3.4 (Nutrition) Baseline Survey 127
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| − | 3.5 Rapid Food and Livelihood Security Assessments (RFLS) 127
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| − | 3.6 Food system analysis 128
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| − | 3.7 Qualitative assessments of the Food and Nutrition Security situation 128
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| − | 3.8 Household Expenditure Survey (HES) 132
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| − | 3.9 Assessments in emergency situations 132
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| − | Designing a Plan for Assessing and Analysing the Food and Nutrition
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| − | Security Situation 137 | + | |
| | 1 Introduction 139 | | 1 Introduction 139 |
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| | 2 Finding and using data 139 | | 2 Finding and using data 139 |
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| | 3 Planning the assessment and analysis process 140 | | 3 Planning the assessment and analysis process 140 |
| − | 3.1 The various steps 140
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| − | 3.2 Information gathering 141
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| | 4 Choosing (the right) indicators and methods 142 | | 4 Choosing (the right) indicators and methods 142 |
| − | 4.1 Classification and cut-off points 143
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| − | 4.2 Perspective 144
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| | 5 Choosing among indicators 145 | | 5 Choosing among indicators 145 |
| − | 5.1 Selection criteria 145
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| | 6 From data to recommendations 150 | | 6 From data to recommendations 150 |
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| | VI Actions / Interventions to Improve Food and Nutrition Security at | | VI Actions / Interventions to Improve Food and Nutrition Security at |
| | Macro Level 151 | | Macro Level 151 |
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| | 1 Macro and Sector-Policies in Food and Nutrition Security 153 | | 1 Macro and Sector-Policies in Food and Nutrition Security 153 |
| − | 1.1 Conceptual framework for analysing policy impacts on Food and Nutrition Security 153
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| − | 1.2 Effects of selected macro- and sector policies on Food and Nutrition Security 155
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| − | 1.2.1 Macroeconomic policies 155
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| − | 1.2.2 Agricultural sector policies 157
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| − | 1.2.3 Marketing and pricing policies 157
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| − | 1.2.4 Trade policies 158
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| − | 1.2.5 Infrastructure policies 158
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| − | 1.2.6 Poverty alleviation and social sector policies 158
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| − | 1.2.7 Health policies 158
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| − | 1.2.8 Education policies 159
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| − | 1.2.9 Population policies 159
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| − | 1.3 Food and Nutrition Security: A cross-cutting policy issue 159
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| | 2 Instruments for the prevention and management of food crises 160 | | 2 Instruments for the prevention and management of food crises 160 |
| − | 2.1 Nutrition-oriented agriculture and food diversification 160
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| − | 2.2 Early Warning Systems and Market Information systems 161
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| − | 2.3 Food Aid 162
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| − | 2.4 Food Security Reserves 163
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| − | 2.5 Food Security Funds 164
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| − | 2.6 Crisis Management Plans 164
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| − | 2.7 Sequence of interventions in an event of food crisis 165
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| | VII Actions / Interventions to Improve Food and Nutrition Security at | | VII Actions / Interventions to Improve Food and Nutrition Security at |
| | Meso and Micro Level 169 | | Meso and Micro Level 169 |
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| | 1 Introduction: Targeted Food and Nutrition Security interventions 171 | | 1 Introduction: Targeted Food and Nutrition Security interventions 171 |
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| | 2 Actions to improve availability of food 173 | | 2 Actions to improve availability of food 173 |
| − | 2.1 Nutrition-oriented agriculture and food diversification 174
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| − | 2.2 Selected agricultural interventions to improve household food security 175
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| − | 2.3 Food production in urban areas 176
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| | 3 Actions to improve access to food 178 | | 3 Actions to improve access to food 178 |
| − | 3.1 Employment and income generation 178
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| − | 3.2 Food subsidy and transfer systems 179
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| | 4 Actions to improve the use and utilisation of food 181 | | 4 Actions to improve the use and utilisation of food 181 |
| − | 4.1 Overview: Interventions to achieve nutrition security 181
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| − | 4.2 Direct nutrition interventions 183
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| | 5 Success factors and programmes in Food and Nutrition Security 191 | | 5 Success factors and programmes in Food and Nutrition Security 191 |
| − | 5.1 Factors of success for nutrition programmes 191
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| − | 5.2 Nutrition and the status of women 193
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| − | 5.3 Successful programmes 194
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| | 6 Integrated Food and Nutrition Security programmes 202 | | 6 Integrated Food and Nutrition Security programmes 202 |
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| | VIII Developing Appropriate Strategies for Food and Nutrition Security 219 | | VIII Developing Appropriate Strategies for Food and Nutrition Security 219 |
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| | 1 Introduction 221 | | 1 Introduction 221 |
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| | 2 Project and programme cycle 221 | | 2 Project and programme cycle 221 |
| − | 2.1 The Project Cycle Management 221
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| − | 2.2 The Project Cycle Management in Food and Nutrition programmes 224
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| − | 2.3 Indicators and impacts 224
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| | 3 Criteria for selection 226 | | 3 Criteria for selection 226 |
| − | 3.1 The three characteristics of a Food and Nutrition Security programme 226
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| − | 3.2 Criteria for selecting interventions of a Food and Nutrition Security programme 227
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| | 4 Linking relief, rehabilitation and development 228 | | 4 Linking relief, rehabilitation and development 228 |
| − | 4.1 Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Developement (LRRD) approach 228
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| − | 4.2 Food and Nutrition Security in different stages of insecurity 228
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| − | 4.3 Elements of Technical Cooperation in Food and Nutrition Security 229
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| − | Index 232
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| | |Pub Permission=I have read the Terms and Conditions and hereby accept them. | | |Pub Permission=I have read the Terms and Conditions and hereby accept them. |
| | |Pub Category=Food Security | | |Pub Category=Food Security |
