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| | |Pub Editor=BMZ/GIZ | | |Pub Editor=BMZ/GIZ |
| | |Pub Year=2014 | | |Pub Year=2014 |
| − | |Pub Keywords=mitigation, sequestration, agriculture, landuse change, | + | |Pub Keywords=mitigation, sequestration, agriculture, landuse change, |
| | |Pub Country=Germany | | |Pub Country=Germany |
| | |Pub Type=publication | | |Pub Type=publication |
| | |Pub Language=English | | |Pub Language=English |
| − | |Pub TOC=Introductory note 7 | + | |Pub TOC=Introductory note 7; |
| − | Executive summary 8 | + | Executive summary 8; |
| − | 1 Background 14 | + | 1 Background 14; |
| − | 2 Greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture and land use change 18 | + | 2 Greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture and land use change 18; |
| − | 2.1 General overview and main trends 19 | + | 2.1 General overview and main trends 19; |
| − | 2.2 Nitrogen fertilization 24 | + | 2.2 Nitrogen fertilization 24; |
| − | 2.2.1 Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers 24 | + | 2.2.1 Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers 24; |
| − | 2.2.2 Organic fertilizers (manure) 25 | + | 2.2.2 Organic fertilizers (manure) 25; |
| − | 2.2.3 Other emissions from organic fertilizers (methane and carbon dioxide) 25 | + | 2.2.3 Other emissions from organic fertilizers (methane and carbon dioxide) 25; |
| − | 2.3 Rice production 26 | + | 2.3 Rice production 26; |
| − | 2.4 Livestock husbandry 27 | + | 2.4 Livestock husbandry 27; |
| − | 2.5 Land use, land use change & forestry 29 | + | 2.5 Land use, land use change & forestry 29; |
| − | 2.6 Other greenhouse gas emissions related to agriculture 32 | + | 2.6 Other greenhouse gas emissions related to agriculture 32; |
| − | 2.6.1 Upstream GHG emissions 33 | + | 2.6.1 Upstream GHG emissions 33; |
| − | 2.6.2 Downstream GHG emissions 33 | + | 2.6.2 Downstream GHG emissions 33; |
| − | 2.6.3 Production and utilization of biofuels 34 | + | 2.6.3 Production and utilization of biofuels 34; |
| − | 2.7 Future scenarios, trends, driving factors and boundaries 35 | + | 2.7 Future scenarios, trends, driving factors and boundaries 35; |
| − | 2.7.1 Future scenarios and trends 35 | + | 2.7.1 Future scenarios and trends 35; |
| − | 2.7.2 Key drivers and boundary conditions for greenhouse gas emissions 36 | + | 2.7.2 Key drivers and boundary conditions for greenhouse gas emissions 36; |
| | 3 Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture | | 3 Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture |
| − | and land use change 38 | + | and land use change 38; |
| − | 3.1 General considerations on the potentials for GHG mitigation 39 | + | 3.1 General considerations on the potentials for GHG mitigation 39; |
| − | 3.2 Technical measures to mitigate greenhouse gases 42 | + | 3.2 Technical measures to mitigate greenhouse gases 42; |
| − | 3.2.1. Restoration of degraded land, land use and forestry 44 | + | 3.2.1. Restoration of degraded land, land use and forestry 44; |
| − | 3.2.2. Cropland management, soil and nutrient management and agroforestry 46 | + | 3.2.2. Cropland management, soil and nutrient management and agroforestry 46; |
| − | 3.2.3. Mitigation measures for livestock and grazing land management 47 | + | 3.2.3. Mitigation measures for livestock and grazing land management 47; |
| − | 3.3 Co-benefits and trade-offs with other development policies 48 | + | 3.3 Co-benefits and trade-offs with other development policies 48; |
| − | 3.4 Agricultural mitigation concepts and approaches 49 | + | 3.4 Agricultural mitigation concepts and approaches 49; |
| − | 3.5 Financial compensation mechanisms for climate change mitigation 51 | + | 3.5 Financial compensation mechanisms for climate change mitigation 51; |
| − | 3.6 Agricultural mitigation at policy level 55 | + | 3.6 Agricultural mitigation at policy level 55; |
| − | 3.7 Research on climate change mitigation in agriculture 56 | + | 3.7 Research on climate change mitigation in agriculture 56; |
| − | 4. Conclusions and recommendations 58 | + | 4. Conclusions and recommendations 58; |
| − | Annex 1 Reference documents 61 | + | Annex 1 Reference documents 61; |
| | Annex 2 Websites of organizations, actors | | Annex 2 Websites of organizations, actors |
| − | and funding mechanisms 65 | + | and funding mechanisms 65; |
| − | Annex 3 Complementing figures and tables 67 | + | Annex 3 Complementing figures and tables 67; |
| − | | + | |
| | |Pub Abstract=Global warming is steadily increasing and impacting on highly vulnerable developing countries. Most (sub-)tropical areas are expected to suffer from negative impacts on all sectors. Agriculture is as an essential sector for most of these countries with regard to national food security and economy will face considerable yield decreases. Agriculture is both, contributing to climate change with its emissions and suffering from the effects of climate change. Globally, greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture account for about one third of all greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, financial incentives for mitigating emissions from agriculture are rare. Mitigation is generally regarded as a co-benefit of adaptation and up to now, most national and international efforts are spent on climate change adaptation of the sector. The study has been commissioned by the GIZ sector project Sustainable Agriculture (NAREN), which is funded by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). On behalf of BMZ it reviews and analyses the currently available information about emissions caused by agriculture and examines potentials of the sector to reduce emissions and to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It will contribute to inform the international discussion about the potentials of the agricultural sector and associated land-use change. | | |Pub Abstract=Global warming is steadily increasing and impacting on highly vulnerable developing countries. Most (sub-)tropical areas are expected to suffer from negative impacts on all sectors. Agriculture is as an essential sector for most of these countries with regard to national food security and economy will face considerable yield decreases. Agriculture is both, contributing to climate change with its emissions and suffering from the effects of climate change. Globally, greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture account for about one third of all greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, financial incentives for mitigating emissions from agriculture are rare. Mitigation is generally regarded as a co-benefit of adaptation and up to now, most national and international efforts are spent on climate change adaptation of the sector. The study has been commissioned by the GIZ sector project Sustainable Agriculture (NAREN), which is funded by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). On behalf of BMZ it reviews and analyses the currently available information about emissions caused by agriculture and examines potentials of the sector to reduce emissions and to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It will contribute to inform the international discussion about the potentials of the agricultural sector and associated land-use change. |
| | |Pub Permission=I have read the Terms and Conditions and hereby accept them. | | |Pub Permission=I have read the Terms and Conditions and hereby accept them. |
