Definition
Food security exists when all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The four pillars of food security are: food availability, access to food, utilization and stability. The nutritional dimension is integral to the concept of food security [1].
The nutritional aspect of food and nutrition security is achieved when secure access to food is coupled with a sanitary environment, adequate health services, and knowledgeable care to ensure a healthy and active life (free from malnutrition) for all household members [2].
(Source: modified after UNICEF 1998[3])
The graph above displays the complex aspects and interplay of food and nutrition security on different levels. Different factors and sectors on the global/national level (such as the extent of agricultural production, existing infrastructure, international policies and gender issues) play a crucial role and influence the level of food availability and access to food, care, and health services, environmental and hygienic conditions on the sub-national level, which directly affects communities and households. Education plays a crucial role to improve and change the situation on the sub-national level. Improved food availability and access to food, along with aspects of care, determine the individual’s food intake (food use); whereas care and questions of health and hygiene influence the individual’s health status (food utilisation). Food intake and health status are closely related to each other and both determine the level and overall goal of food and nutrition security.
Dimensions of Food and Nutrition Security
Four elements build the framework of food and nutrition security: availability, access, use and utilization, and stability. The graph below illustrates the three dimensions describing the food flow from availability and access to use and utilization as well as the aspect of sustainability. These aspects are listed in the bottom rectangle in the graph below, representing the temporal determinant, as well as aspects of an enabling environment or frame conditions of Food and Nutrition Security. Stability fundamentally affects all other elements from the basis.
Availability
Availability refers to the physical existence of food. On national level food availability is a combination of domestic food production, commercial food imports and exports, food aid and domestic food stocks. On household level food could be from own production or bought from the local markets. Regarding food production, water resources are required to produce the crops. Due to population growth and climate change, the pressure on existing natural resources, namely land and water, increases. Impacts of climate change are often leading to land degradation, lack of irrigation water, reduced soil moisture and therefore losses of economic livelihoods. Together with an increase in conflicts over usage of water resources (cultivation of crops for energetic use vs. cultivation of crops for nutritional use, use by other sectors like drinking water, industry and environment), this may be a threat for long-term food security. The Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) emphasizes the growing importance of green water, i. e. the water hidden in the ground as soil moisture (while blue water refers to water available in lakes, rivers and aquifers).[4] With suitable adaptation measures to soil such as irrigation systems improving water-use efficiency through cultivation methods and technologies, or infrastructure development for water harvesting and (re)use of marginal quality water and treated waste water, or improved soil-water management in rain fed systems like, the resilience of agricultural systems can be strengthened, risks reduced and livelihoods secured. Support of local water user groups and strengthening their planning and management skills can help minimize risks of scarce resources and reduce conflicts ([5] [6].
Access
Access is ensured when all households have enough resources to obtain food in sufficient quantity, quality and diversity for a nutritious diet. This depends mainly on the amount of household resources and on prices. In addition, accessibility is also a question of the physical, social and policy environment. Drastic changes in these dimensions may seriously disrupt production strategies and threaten food access of affected households. As an example, developing countries may be affected by severe droughts or floods more and more frequently. Accordantly, the harvest volume shrinks and the prices for food increase, affecting on the availability and accessibility of food for households. To prevent such negative developments, different technical adaptation measures exist. The construction of infrastructure such as small dams and reservoirs or water spreading weirs to hold back water and raise the shallow groundwater tables is one of them, dykes and improved drainage systems for floods are other ones. In addition, the preservation and rehabilitation of ecosystems, flood sensitive planning or early warning systems and emergency plans further enhance the capabilities to deal with extreme weather events and to preserve the physical environment [7].
Use and Utilization
Use describes the socio-economic aspects of household food and nutrition security, determined by knowledge and habits. Assuming that nutritious food is available and accessible, the household has to decide what food to purchase and how to prepare it as well as how to consume and allocate it within the household.
Another aspect is the biological utilization. This relates to the ability of the human body to take food and convert it. This gained energy is very important when it comes to daily physical activities, for example working in agriculture. Beside that utilization requires a healthy physical environment and adequate sanitary facilities as well as the understanding and awareness of proper health care, food preparation, and storage processes. In this context safe drinking water plays an important role, especially for preparing food and creating a healthy environment for the population. Safe drinking water is connected to groundwater which is often contaminated through human, industrial or agricultural waste water in combination with other factors 884 million people worldwide have no access to adequate drinking water [8] [9][10].
Stability
Stability describes the temporal dimension of food and nutrition security, respectively the time frame over which food and nutrition security is being considered. Stability is given when the supply on household level remains constant during the year and in the long-term. That includes food, income and economic resources. Furthermore it is important to minimize external risks such as natural disaster and climate change, price volatility, conflicts or epidemics through activities and implementations improving the resilience of households. Such measure include insurances e.g. against drought and crop failure as well as the protection of the environment and the sustainable use of natural resources like land, soil and water [11] [12] [13].
References
- ↑ Committee on World Food Security (CFS), Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition, 2011 (http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs1011/WG_GSF/GSF_annotated_outline_formatted_Rev1_22_Jun_11.pdf)
- ↑ Committee on World Food Security (CFS), Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition, 2011 (http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs1011/WG_GSF/GSF_annotated_outline_formatted_Rev1_22_Jun_11.pdf)
- ↑ UNICEF 1998: The State of the World’s Children, Focus on Nutrition, (http://www.unicef.org/sowc98/silent4.htm)
- ↑ SIWI, IFPRI, IUCN, IWMI. 2005. “Let it Reign: The New
Water Paradigm for Global Food Security.” Final
Report to CSD-13. Stockholm International Water
Institute, Stockholm.
- ↑ Klennert, K. (edt.) 2009: Achieving Food and Nutrition Security, Feldafingen/InWEnt
- ↑ USAID 1995 Food Aid and Food Security Policy Paper, (http://transition.usaid.gov/policy/ads/200/foodsec/foodsec.pdf)
- ↑ USAID 1995 Food Aid and Food Security Policy Paper, (http://transition.usaid.gov/policy/ads/200/foodsec/foodsec.pdf)
- ↑ IICA, Food Security, 2009 http://www.iica.int/Esp/conocimiento/actualidad/Documents/Food%20security%20IICA%20Eng.pdf
- ↑ Klennert, K. (edt.) 2009: Achieving Food and Nutrition Security, Feldafingen/InWEnt
- ↑ USAID 1995 Food Aid and Food Security Policy Paper, (http://transition.usaid.gov/policy/ads/200/foodsec/foodsec.pdf)
- ↑ IICA, Food Security, 2009 http://www.iica.int/Esp/conocimiento/actualidad/Documents/Food%20security%20IICA%20Eng.pdf
- ↑ Klennert, K. (edt.) 2009: Achieving Food and Nutrition Security, Feldafingen/InWEnt
- ↑ GIZ Arbeitspapier Ernährungssicherung
