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| | = Definition = | | = Definition = |
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| − | IPCC defines adaptation as ‘adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment. Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including anticipatory and reactive adaptation, private and public adaptation, and autonomous and planned adaptation’ <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0">[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Adapation_measures#cite_note-0 [1]]</sup>. | + | IPCC defines adaptation as ‘adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment. Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including anticipatory and reactive adaptation, private and public adaptation, and autonomous and planned adaptation’ <sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Adapation_measures#cite_note-0 [1]]</sup>. |
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| | = Governance and Management<br/> = | | = Governance and Management<br/> = |
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| − | Contributions to [[Adaptation to Climate Change|climate change]] adaptation must strengthen the capabilities of the affected population groups and countries in such a way as to make them less vulnerable to the consequences of climate change. International cooperation can support adaptation in two ways: partly through dedicated climate change adaptation projects, and partly by systematically inte-grating climate change adaptation into ongoing and new rural development projects. The article on[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Adaptation_strategies Adaptation strategies] gives further information. | + | Contributions to [[Adaptation_to_Climate_Change|climate change]] adaptation must strengthen the capabilities of the affected population groups and countries in such a way as to make them less vulnerable to the consequences of climate change. International cooperation can support adaptation in two ways: partly through dedicated climate change adaptation projects, and partly by systematically inte-grating climate change adaptation into ongoing and new rural development projects. The article on [[Adaptation_strategies|Adaptation strategies]] gives further information. |
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| − | One central step governments can take to adapt to climate change is adapting their [http://agriwaterpedia.info/index.php?title=Adapted_Infrastructure&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg&redlink=1 Infrastructure.]Another measure to adapt to climate change is to check on the mutual interdependencies of one's doing and the climate. This is called[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Climate_proofing Climate proofing]. | + | One central step governments can take to adapt to climate change is adapting their [[Infrastructure|Infrastructure.]]Another measure to adapt to climate change is to check on the mutual interdependencies of one's doing and the climate. This is called [[Climate_proofing|Climate proofing]]. |
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| | The article [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination Framework planning and coordination] introduces a model that serves as a guide for developing adaptation priorities at a national level. Key concepts include [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination#Vulnerability Vulnerability], [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination#Exposure Exposure], [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination#Sensitivity Sensitivity], [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination#Adaptation Adaptation] and[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination#Adaptive_capacity Adaptive capacity].<br/> | | The article [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination Framework planning and coordination] introduces a model that serves as a guide for developing adaptation priorities at a national level. Key concepts include [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination#Vulnerability Vulnerability], [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination#Exposure Exposure], [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination#Sensitivity Sensitivity], [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination#Adaptation Adaptation] and[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Framework_planning_and_coordination#Adaptive_capacity Adaptive capacity].<br/> |
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| − | It is absolutely crucial to be in touch with the local population as well as other individuals, groups or companies that can affect or are affected by an organisations activity: [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Stakeholder_dialogue_and_conflict_management Stakeholder dialogue and conflict management] can help to detect irregularities or problems early enough to prevent or at least manage them responsibly.<br/> | + | It is absolutely crucial to be in touch with the local population as well as other individuals, groups or companies that can affect or are affected by an organisations activity: [[Stakeholder_dialogue_and_conflict_management|Stakeholder dialogue and conflict management]] can help to detect irregularities or problems early enough to prevent or at least manage them responsibly.<br/> |
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| − | [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Knowledge_management_(climate_change) Knowledge management]has become a standard issue in private and public organisation to reduce uncertainty and manage risks. Many have also started to collect data and information on the environment, climate change and their impacts on the organisation's projects.<br/> | + | [[Knowledge_management_(climate_change)|Knowledge management]] has become a standard issue in private and public organisation to reduce uncertainty and manage risks. Many have also started to collect data and information on the environment, climate change and their impacts on the organisation's projects.<br/> |
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| − | Ecosystem services are benefits that people acquire from ecosystems. Today, many ecosystems are already influenced or even damaged by human interference and unsustainable land use. The [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Ecosystem_services_approach Ecosystem services approach] pays regard to the potential of using ecosystem services for better adaptation to climate change threats.<br/> | + | Ecosystem services are benefits that people acquire from ecosystems. Today, many ecosystems are already influenced or even damaged by human interference and unsustainable land use. The [[Ecosystem_services_approach|Ecosystem services approach]] pays regard to the potential of using ecosystem services for better adaptation to climate change threats.<br/> |
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| | = Technical adaptation measures = | | = Technical adaptation measures = |
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| − | A range of projects, research institutes and knowledge hubs have been set up and established over the last few years that deal with the [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Measurement_&_monitoring_of_climate_related_data Measurement and monitoring of climate related data]. | + | A range of projects, research institutes and knowledge hubs have been set up and established over the last few years that deal with the [[Measurement_&_monitoring_of_climate_related_data|Measurement and monitoring of climate related data]]. |
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| | The attention must further be drawn to [http://agriwaterpedia.info/index.php?title=Interpretation_of_climate_projections/_assessments/_scenarios&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg&redlink=1 climate projections/ assessments/ scenarios] and their interpretation. A further challenge consists in the translation of the interpretation into policies and legislation. | | The attention must further be drawn to [http://agriwaterpedia.info/index.php?title=Interpretation_of_climate_projections/_assessments/_scenarios&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg&redlink=1 climate projections/ assessments/ scenarios] and their interpretation. A further challenge consists in the translation of the interpretation into policies and legislation. |
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| − | In regard to water scarcity and food security, FAO provides an overview of possible adaptation measures with the following structure: within and outside of the water domain and the agricultural sector focusing on the supply and demand side of water for agriculture<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1">[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Adapation_measures#cite_note-1 [2]]</sup>. | + | In regard to water scarcity and food security, FAO provides an overview of possible adaptation measures with the following structure: within and outside of the water domain and the agricultural sector focusing on the supply and demand side of water for agriculture<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Adapation_measures#cite_note-1 [2]]</sup>. |
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| − | == <span id="Adapation_measures_at_the_water_supply_side" class="mw-headline">Adapation measures at the water supply side </span> == | + | == <span class="mw-headline" id="Adapation_measures_at_the_water_supply_side">Adapation measures at the water supply side</span> == |
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| | Within the water domain, options at the water supply side are: | | Within the water domain, options at the water supply side are: |
| − | *Increasing storage (through [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Water_harvesting Water harvesting]) | + | *Increasing storage (through [[Water_harvesting|Water harvesting]]) |
| | *Groundwater development | | *Groundwater development |
| | *Water recycling and reuse | | *Water recycling and reuse |
| − | *Pollution control | + | *Pollution control |
| | *Desalination | | *Desalination |
| − | *Importing water (inter-basin transfer, desalination) | + | *Importing water (inter-basin transfer, desalination) |
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| | Within the agricultural water management domain, options at the water supply side are: | | Within the agricultural water management domain, options at the water supply side are: |
| | *Supply enhancement through on-farm water conservation or small scale water harvesting measures | | *Supply enhancement through on-farm water conservation or small scale water harvesting measures |
| | *urban waste water reuse for crop production | | *urban waste water reuse for crop production |
| − | *Control of [[Fate_of_pesticides_in_paddy_rice_systems|pollution from agriculture]] | + | *Control of [[Fate of pesticides in paddy rice systems|pollution from agriculture]] |
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| − | == <span id="Options_at_the_water_demand_side" class="mw-headline">Options at the water demand side </span> == | + | == <span class="mw-headline" id="Options_at_the_water_demand_side">Options at the water demand side</span> == |
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| | Options at the water demand side are: | | Options at the water demand side are: |
| − | *Reducing [http://agriwaterpedia.info/index.php?title=Water_losses&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg&redlink=1 Water losses (page does not exist)] | + | *Reducing [http://agriwaterpedia.info/index.php?title=Water_losses&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg&redlink=1 Water losses] |
| − | *Increasing water [[Better_Water_Use_Efficiency_for_Increasing_Yields_and_Food_Security_-_from_Watersheds_to_Field|productivity]] (better water control, improved production processes) | + | *Increasing water [[Better Water Use Efficiency for Increasing Yields and Food Security - from Watersheds to Field|productivity]] (better water control, improved production processes) |
| − | *[[Water_Development_and_Allocation|Water re-allocation]] | + | *[[Water Development and Allocation|Water re-allocation]] |
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| | Options at the demand side for agricultural water can be found in: | | Options at the demand side for agricultural water can be found in: |
| | *Pressurized conveyance and application of water (drip), improved irrigation scheduling and moisture control, canal lining | | *Pressurized conveyance and application of water (drip), improved irrigation scheduling and moisture control, canal lining |
| − | *Improved [[Irrigation_efficiency|water delivery service in irrigation]] | + | *Improved [[Irrigation efficiency|water delivery service in irrigation]] |
| − | *Yield gap reduction through improved agricultural practices, improved [[Crop_selection_and_scheduling|genetic material]] | + | *Yield gap reduction through improved agricultural practices, improved [[Crop selection and scheduling|genetic material]] |
| − | *Shift to [[Crop_water_requirements|higher value crops in irrigation]] and/or limiting evapotranspiration by reducing areas under irrigation | + | *Shift to [[Crop water requirements|higher value crops in irrigation]] and/or limiting evapotranspiration by reducing areas under irrigation |
| − | *Consideration of crop water requirements | + | *Consideration of crop water requirements |
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| − | == <span class="editsection">[[http://agriwaterpedia.info/index.php?title=Adapation_measures&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg§ion=3 Edit section: Adaptation measures outside of the water domain ]]</span> <span id="Adaptation_measures_outside_of_the_water_domain.C2.A0" class="mw-headline">Adaptation measures outside of the water domain </span> == | + | == <span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Adaptation_measures_outside_of_the_water_domain.C2.A0">Adaptation measures outside of the water domain </span> == |
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| | Outside of the water domain, adaptation options to water scarcity in regard to food security can be | | Outside of the water domain, adaptation options to water scarcity in regard to food security can be |
| − | *Reducing losses in the [[Water_in_the_Food_Supply_Chain|value chain]] | + | *Reducing losses in the [[Water in the Food Supply Chain|value chain]] |
| | *Reducing demand for irrigated products and services | | *Reducing demand for irrigated products and services |
| − | *Reducing [[Water_Use_in_Agriculture|water use]] per capita | + | *Reducing [[Water Use in Agriculture|water use]] per capita |
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| | = Economics and Finance = | | = Economics and Finance = |
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| − | The third section of this portal refers to economic issues. Developed countries agreed to financially support developing countries in their climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. The UNFCCC calls this kind of monetary support [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Climate_funding Climate funding] or [http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Climate_finance Climate finance].<br/> | + | The third section of this portal refers to economic issues. Developed countries agreed to financially support developing countries in their climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. The UNFCCC calls this kind of monetary support [[Climate_funding|Climate funding]] or [[Climate_finance|Climate finance]].<br/> |
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| | = Private sector engagement = | | = Private sector engagement = |
A vast number of measures can be realized to adapt to climate change. They can be implemented by private or public actors on all levels, long- or short-term. As the field is relatively young there are hardly any standardized procedures and the community is open for exploration and innovations. Here's an overview of a choice of adaptation measures.
IPCC defines adaptation as ‘adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment. Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including anticipatory and reactive adaptation, private and public adaptation, and autonomous and planned adaptation’ [1].
One central step governments can take to adapt to climate change is adapting their Infrastructure.Another measure to adapt to climate change is to check on the mutual interdependencies of one's doing and the climate. This is called Climate proofing.
It is absolutely crucial to be in touch with the local population as well as other individuals, groups or companies that can affect or are affected by an organisations activity: Stakeholder dialogue and conflict management can help to detect irregularities or problems early enough to prevent or at least manage them responsibly.
Ecosystem services are benefits that people acquire from ecosystems. Today, many ecosystems are already influenced or even damaged by human interference and unsustainable land use. The Ecosystem services approach pays regard to the potential of using ecosystem services for better adaptation to climate change threats.
In regard to water scarcity and food security, FAO provides an overview of possible adaptation measures with the following structure: within and outside of the water domain and the agricultural sector focusing on the supply and demand side of water for agriculture[2].
Within the agricultural water management domain, options at the water supply side are:
Outside of the water domain, adaptation options to water scarcity in regard to food security can be
The third section of this portal refers to economic issues. Developed countries agreed to financially support developing countries in their climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. The UNFCCC calls this kind of monetary support Climate funding or Climate finance.
Fourth, climate change can also be consideres as a filed of action and window of opportunity for organisations of the private sector. This refers to the newly-arising branch of companies that are active in climate-related technologies, e.g. energy efficiency: production of solar-driven desalination plants. A second field is the provision of Insurances and micro-insurances for farmers and agribusiness enterprises, e.g. in the case of extreme weather events.
